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Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"generator":{"version":"7.00","uri":"http://www.blogger.com","$t":"Blogger"},"openSearch$totalResults":{"$t":"38"},"openSearch$startIndex":{"$t":"1"},"openSearch$itemsPerPage":{"$t":"25"},"entry":[{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-6659478175722335421"},"published":{"$t":"2018-10-29T10:00:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-10-30T08:34:20.945-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aero"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"air travel"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"airlines"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"article"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"check-in"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"flight"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"how to survive a red-eye flight"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"night"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"pilot"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"red-eye flights"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"sleep"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Trivia"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"What Are Red-Eye Flights"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nRED-EYE FLIGHTS\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-k8Pz9tuin4Y\/W9dz7BJ_2gI\/AAAAAAAAANs\/hheTFH7uxVAF1Pry4mq8FSMVj9TykZAPgCLcBGAs\/s1600\/redeye3.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"640\" data-original-width=\"960\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-k8Pz9tuin4Y\/W9dz7BJ_2gI\/AAAAAAAAANs\/hheTFH7uxVAF1Pry4mq8FSMVj9TykZAPgCLcBGAs\/s640\/redeye3.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003EWhether or not you’re a frequent flyer, you’ve probably heard the term “red-eye flight.” What exactly is a red-eye flight and what are the pros and cons of taking one? If you’re curious, or you’re planning on booking and want to know what to expect, read on.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003EThe term “red-eye” refers to the red eyes of sleepless passengers. Not everyone can sleep on planes and one of its side effects are, tired, red eyes.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-hNHsLlZohPE\/W9dz7Gvf80I\/AAAAAAAAANw\/hjdUE6MgvPkUDadwRnVlRTXViW3UQaMAgCLcBGAs\/s1600\/redeye.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"665\" data-original-width=\"1024\" height=\"414\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-hNHsLlZohPE\/W9dz7Gvf80I\/AAAAAAAAANw\/hjdUE6MgvPkUDadwRnVlRTXViW3UQaMAgCLcBGAs\/s640\/redeye.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003ERed-eye flights didn’t always exist.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003EW\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003Ee are not certain when the very first red-eye was flown, but in the early days of air travel, airports didn't have night staff or equipment to offer red-eye-flights.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EA\u0026nbsp;red-eye flight is a flight that commences late at night and lands early in the morning, usually taking off after nine P.M. and landing by five or six A.M. You will be flying overnight when typically, you would be asleep\u0026nbsp; (or at least any normal homo sapien\u0026nbsp;would be).\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003EBelow we've listed out both the benefits and cons of embarking on a red-eye flight.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003EPROS :\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003ERed-eye flights are comparatively cheaper than flights at other times\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EAppeal to business travelers as they can avoid losing a work day in transit\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;Less crowded than regular morning or midday flights\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;Empty seat next to you\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EMore overhead bin space\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EMore likely to get your seat of choice\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003ESecurity lines and check-ins lines are shorter\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EGet your luggage faster at your destination\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EThey tend to be on time\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003ECONS :\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EThe potential for a sleepless night\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EMight end up being too lagged during the following day\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003ELesser flight options (not every airline provides red-eye flights)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EClearly, the pros outweigh the cons (especially if you're tight on budget)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EHere are some tips that we offer you in case you are going to be traveling on a red-eye flight in the near future,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-MQd86tqF3Qc\/W9dz7XNbywI\/AAAAAAAAAN0\/MyALboe3Z4kMya8Oa-bRaFBBdao7_soDgCLcBGAs\/s1600\/redeye2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"530\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-MQd86tqF3Qc\/W9dz7XNbywI\/AAAAAAAAAN0\/MyALboe3Z4kMya8Oa-bRaFBBdao7_soDgCLcBGAs\/s640\/redeye2.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EPREP FOR A RED-EYE FLIGHT :\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EBook a window seat\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EDress comfy\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EBring sleeping essentials\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EAvoid caffeine and alcohol pre-flight\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EEat a small meal before boarding\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EChoose the later flight option\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003EInvest in a good eye mask and ear plugs\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cstyle\u003E.embed-container { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }\u003C\/style\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"embed-container\"\u003E\n\u003Ciframe allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/\/ICDCybIpX2c\"\u003E\u003C\/iframe\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003Ethis article has inspired you to try a red-eye flight on your next trip, here below are listed some of the websites that will find you the perfect red-eye flight that you are looking for (you're welcome).\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cheapoair.com\/deals\/red-eye-flights\" style=\"font-size: 17px;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECheapoair\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.onetravel.com\/flights\/redeye-flights\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EOne Travel\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.airgorilla.com\/travel-tickets\/business-travel-redeyeflights.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EAir Gorilla\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003EWe hope you found this article useful. Thanks for reading!\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #555964; font-family: , \u0026quot;tahoma\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 17px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/6659478175722335421"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/6659478175722335421"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/10\/what-are-red-eye-flights.html","title":"What Are Red-Eye Flights"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"hus_171"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/01778210655457063213"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-k8Pz9tuin4Y\/W9dz7BJ_2gI\/AAAAAAAAANs\/hheTFH7uxVAF1Pry4mq8FSMVj9TykZAPgCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/redeye3.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-8791660462212871497"},"published":{"$t":"2018-09-28T10:14:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2019-06-09T00:40:28.719-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"METAR"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Weather"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"What is METAR and how to decode it?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nWhat is METAR and how to decode it?\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-ChL_THraW4k\/W65gpOxAL-I\/AAAAAAAACgM\/fl50GkeYouQO5l4kLzDwvZqFnTV64lL-QCLcBGAs\/s1600\/pexels-photo-268859.jpeg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"What is METAR?\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"900\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-ChL_THraW4k\/W65gpOxAL-I\/AAAAAAAACgM\/fl50GkeYouQO5l4kLzDwvZqFnTV64lL-QCLcBGAs\/s640\/pexels-photo-268859.jpeg\" title=\"What is METAR?\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nIn Aviation, weather plays a very important role in the day to day operations. In fact, a pilot needs to check the weather several times during the different phases of flight. Before the airplane is ready to leave the gate, he\/she always checks the weather at the arriving and departing aerodrome in the pre-flight briefing. If they feel that the weather at and around the airport is not suitable for flying, they might decide not to operate the flight or even divert to their alternate aerodrome.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nIn aviation, the weather information of an aerodrome is broadcasted in a report called METAR (Meteorological Aerodrome Report). They are published in a fixed format which is common all over the world.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nMETAR is a string of abbreviations which denote various weather conditions around the aerodrome. You can learn all the METAR Abbreviations by referring to this document. With the help of this document, let us take an example of METAR of Chennai International Airport and decode it!\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EEg: VOMM 131530Z 16006KT 4000 HZ SCT020 FEW025TCU BKN100 30\/23 Q1009 NOSIG\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003E\u003Ccolgroup\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"208\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"208\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"234\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003C\/colgroup\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EAbbreviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EIndicates\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EMeaning\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EVOMM\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EICAO Code\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EChennai Intl Airport\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E131530Z\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EDate and Time\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E13 - Day of the month. 1530Z - Time of observation.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 24pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E16006KT\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWind Direction\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWind direction is from 160 deg at 06 knots (denoted in Meters per second in Metric) \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E4000\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EVisibility\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EPrevailing Visibility at the airport is 4 km or 4000m\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EHZ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWeather Condition\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EHaze\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ESCT020\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ECloud condition\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EScattered clouds present at 2000ft\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EFEW025TCU\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ECloud Condition\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EFew clouds present at 2500ft in towering cumulus form\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EBKN100\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ECloud Condition\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EBroken clouds present at 10,000ft above aerodrome level\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E30\/23\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ETemperature and Dew Point\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EThe temperature at the airport is 30 deg. Dewpoint is 23 deg\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EQ1009\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ESea Level Pressure \/ Barometer setting QNH\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E1009 hectopascals ( denoted in inch of Mercury - inHg in FAA)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ENOSIG\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ERemark\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ENo significant change in weather for the next 2 hours \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Ch4 style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E SPECI Reports:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h4\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003EA SPECI is a special report of meteorological weather conditions which is issued when one or more conditions match the specified criteria significant to aviation operations. It is also used to identify reports which are recorded ten minutes after an improvement to the SPECI conditions.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ESPECI Example: SPECI VMMC 242341Z 10010KT 3500N VCSH FEW010 SCT018 BKN070 28\/26 Q1004 TEMPO 5000 SHRA\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch4 style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E SPECI Criteria :\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h4\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bea231fc-7fff-17c8-9aff-a0a8690329d8\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 468pt;\"\u003E\u003Ccolgroup\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"*\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"*\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003C\/colgroup\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EElement\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ECriteria\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWind Direction\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EDirection changed by 30 deg when the average speed is 20 KT or more.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWind Speed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ESpeed changed by 10 KT when the average speed is 30 KT or more\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWind Gusts\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EGust speed exceeds by 10 KT than the last reported speed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EVisibility\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWhen prevailing visibility is below the minimum operable limit of the aerodrome\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWeather Phenomenon\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWhen any of the weather phenomena such as thunderstorms, hail storms, sandstorms, dust storms, etc are reported in high intensity.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ECloud\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWhen cloud cover (broken or overcast) is below the minimum operable limit of the aerodrome.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ETemperature\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWhen temperature increases or decreases by 5 deg since the last reported temperature\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EPressure\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EWhen pressure increases or decreases by 2 hPa since the last reported pressure\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"height: 0pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003ERemarks\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot;; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003EIf the pilots repeatedly \u0026nbsp;report wind shear or other such weather phenomena\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bea231fc-7fff-17c8-9aff-a0a8690329d8\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\nThank you for reading!\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan id=\"docs-internal-guid-bbd26045-7fff-5d69-8e15-da4df61e83be\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/8791660462212871497"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/8791660462212871497"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/09\/what-is-metar-and-how-to-decode-it.html","title":"What is METAR and how to decode it?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-ChL_THraW4k\/W65gpOxAL-I\/AAAAAAAACgM\/fl50GkeYouQO5l4kLzDwvZqFnTV64lL-QCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/pexels-photo-268859.jpeg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-3271882879016563752"},"published":{"$t":"2018-09-11T12:23:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-09-26T09:02:01.543-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"747"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Airbus"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation trivia"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"cockpit"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"future"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"holographic"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"innovation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Navigation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"pilot"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"windowless cockpit"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Windowless Cockpit Concept by Airbus"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; WINDOWLESS COCKPITS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nImagine that you are boarding an aircraft and you find out that there are no cockpit windows, rather an opaque cone of metal sheet covering the entire cockpit window area. You would feel dumbfounded be reluctant to board the aircraft, right? Well, in a few years you may find every Airbus aircraft without cockpit windows. This may look stupid to many of the readers, but Airbus advocates that it may be the future of aircraft design.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nIn 2014, Airbus registered a patent featuring the idea of “windowless” cockpit which would increase pilots’ field of view.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/2a\/2e\/90\/c600c34616e573\/US20140180508A1-20140626-D00000.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"windowless cockpits\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"548\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"438\" src=\"https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/2a\/2e\/90\/c600c34616e573\/US20140180508A1-20140626-D00000.png\" title=\"windowless cockpits\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EWindowless Cockpit\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLooking at the bigger picture, this invention is basically replacing the glazed cockpit window with a large screen displaying a digital image of the outside environment.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThe cockpit is the room reserved for pilots comprising of all controls necessary to fly the aircraft. Conventionally, it is located in the front of the fuselage with slanted window panes which allows the pilots to have an unobstructed view of both forward and downward of the aircraft.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor maximum aerodynamic efficient design, the nose of the aircraft should ideally be of lancet shaped (like a knife) but to accommodate the radome and the landing gear, it is modified to give a larger radius of curvature.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/e9\/b1\/29\/bfd2715c1e68d7\/US20140180508A1-20140626-D00003.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Alternative cockpit\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"800\" data-original-width=\"779\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/e9\/b1\/29\/bfd2715c1e68d7\/US20140180508A1-20140626-D00003.png\" title=\"Alternative cockpit\" width=\"622\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EAlternative location for a cockpit\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThis invention solves this problem by shifting the cockpit at another location which allows the engineers to modify the shape of the nose. Since there is no need for the pilot to actually look outside, the entire cockpit can be shifted to another location freeing up space in the front of the fuselage.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThis not only gives a better aerodynamic design to the aircraft, but also increases the pilots’ field of view. Airbus also claims that this invention can increase the payload capacity of the aircraft in their patent.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/fc\/62\/60\/5a7aea44b51eb6\/US20140180508A1-20140626-D00001.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"concept of windowless cockpits\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"800\" data-original-width=\"591\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/fc\/62\/60\/5a7aea44b51eb6\/US20140180508A1-20140626-D00001.png\" title=\"concept of windowless cockpits\" width=\"472\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EDigital screen concept\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThe digital image would be projected in the form of a hologram or any other advance technology. The image would be generated from the data supplied by on-board video camera located in the front and the rear of the aircraft.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nExample : When the aircraft is taxiing on the ramp, the screen would display a 3D image of the airport generated from the data captured from the video camera and the data stored in data banks on ground. If an obstacle is detected in the path of the aircraft (both on ground and in air) it is possible to modify the video image by displaying the obstacle using Augmented Reality with warnings to alert the pilot.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/08\/65\/04\/091e29bebc8b6a\/US20140180508A1-20140626-D00002.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Holographic guidance system\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"800\" data-original-width=\"587\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/08\/65\/04\/091e29bebc8b6a\/US20140180508A1-20140626-D00002.png\" title=\"Holographic guidance system\" width=\"468\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EHolographic Guidance System\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nUsing this technology, the flight path to avoid the obstacles or any turbulence or bad weather can be also displayed on the screen. Airbus prefers that the screen used in the cockpit be made of OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) which helps in designing various complex shapes on the screen.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nAirbus is yet to make the proof of concept of this invention. Such complex technology takes decades to develop and be trustworthy enough to replace the cockpit windows. It may take more than a decade to see an aircraft with no cockpit windows.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20140180508A1\/en\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECheck patent here\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3271882879016563752"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3271882879016563752"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/09\/windowless-cockpit-airbus.html","title":"Windowless Cockpit Concept by Airbus"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-5553083857211242133"},"published":{"$t":"2018-08-25T14:54:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-08-25T14:54:22.206-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"air force helicopters"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft carrier"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation nerd"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"choppers"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"flight control"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"heli"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"helicopters"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"history of helicopters"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"hover"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"hovering"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"navy"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"sar"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"throttle"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"How Helicopters Hover in the air?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003E\n\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003E\n\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Ch2\u003E\n\u003Ci\u003EHOW DO HELICOPTERS HOVER\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003E\n\u003Ci\u003E“Aviation is the proof that given the will , We have the capacity to achieve the impossible”\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E        \u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Eddie RickenBacker\u003Cspan style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6b\/RAF_Search_and_Rescue_Helicopter_in_the_Cairngorms_MOD_45155350.jpg\/1920px-RAF_Search_and_Rescue_Helicopter_in_the_Cairngorms_MOD_45155350.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"388\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6b\/RAF_Search_and_Rescue_Helicopter_in_the_Cairngorms_MOD_45155350.jpg\/1920px-RAF_Search_and_Rescue_Helicopter_in_the_Cairngorms_MOD_45155350.jpg\" title=\"How do helicopters hover in the air\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u0026nbsp;\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EPhoto: SAC Faye Storer\/MOD\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nA few decades ago , if someone would have said that Man can fly , no one would have believed him. But on December 17 , 1903 , the Wright Brothers proved everyone that indeed man can achieved the impossible. After years of technological advancements, man was able to build such aircraft called Helicopters that can takeoff and land vertically on any surface and can also remain stationary in air!\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nA Brief History About Helicopters :\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/i.kinja-img.com\/gawker-media\/image\/upload\/s--gnWLJ83q--\/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_675,q_80,w_1200\/1446892183001197203.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"450\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/i.kinja-img.com\/gawker-media\/image\/upload\/s--gnWLJ83q--\/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_675,q_80,w_1200\/1446892183001197203.jpg\" title=\"Basic Helicopter\" width=\"400\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EOlden day Helicopter\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nThe world’s first practical helicopter had its first flight on 14th September 20818 at Stratford, Connecticut. It was designed and piloted by the infamous Igor Sikorsky. He was then working with the Vought - Sikorsky Aircraft Division of the United Aircraft Corp. It has 3 blade rotor which had a diameter of 28 foot and a blade speed of 300mph. Today , the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation is owned by the American aircraft manufacturer giant ”Lockheed Martin”\u0026nbsp; who acquired them for a whooping $9 Billion USD. Today , they manufacture over 15 different models of helicopters.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-TDwNXqsEgTU\/W4HOyOuRXxI\/AAAAAAAAAL4\/w83NC49xMg8kgUzynAvhaegrNCRTVSK0wCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Helicopter_gif_1340244-00292-00299.gif\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"240\" data-original-width=\"320\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-TDwNXqsEgTU\/W4HOyOuRXxI\/AAAAAAAAAL4\/w83NC49xMg8kgUzynAvhaegrNCRTVSK0wCLcBGAs\/s400\/Helicopter_gif_1340244-00292-00299.gif\" title=\"hovering helicopter\" width=\"400\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EHovering\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch2\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003EHelicopter Flight Controls :\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a2\/Heli_flight_controls_dia.png\/1920px-Heli_flight_controls_dia.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"299\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a2\/Heli_flight_controls_dia.png\/1920px-Heli_flight_controls_dia.png\" title=\"Helicopter flight controls\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EFlight Controls\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nHelicopters don’t have the same set of controls that of a fixed wing aircraft. A Helicopter has the following as flight controls :\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n1. \u003Cb\u003ECyclic\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n2. \u003Cb\u003ECollective\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n3. \u003Cb\u003EThrottle\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n4. \u003Cb\u003ERudder Pedals\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch4 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nCyclic :\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/h4\u003E\nA Cyclic is a stick which is used to manage the pitch of the aircraft. It allows the pilot to fly the aircraft in any direction (forward,backward,left,right). The rotor tilts in the same direction the cyclic is moved.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch4 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nCollective :\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/h4\u003E\nThe collective is a lever which is used to make simultaneous changes to the pitch angle. When the lever is raised, there is an equal increase in pitch angle of all rotor blades. When it is lowered , there is an equal decrease in pitch angle of all rotor blades.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch4 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nThrottle :\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/h4\u003E\nThe function of throttle is to manage the engine RPM. Unlike the throttle in a fixed wing aircraft , the one in a helicopter is designed to work like a motorcycle throttle. Twisting action to the left increases the RPM and the the right decreases the RPM.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch4 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nRudder Pedals :\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/h4\u003E\nRudder pedals or “anti-torque pedals” allow the pilots to control the pitch angle of the tail rotor. They are called “anti-torque” because they help to compensate the torque generated due to Newton’s Third Law of Motion.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9f\/Helicopter_tail_rotor.svg\/1280px-Helicopter_tail_rotor.svg.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"640\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9f\/Helicopter_tail_rotor.svg\/1280px-Helicopter_tail_rotor.svg.png\" title=\"helicopter hovering\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EPhysics behind Hovering\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nIn a fixed wing aircraft, the forward motion of the aircraft creates airflow over the wings, which results in generating lift. In helicopters, the rotating rotor blades itself generate airflow over the blades. But the rotation of the blades causes a torque to act on the helicopter, which is balanced by the tail rotor of the helicopters. \u003Cspan style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nHow Helicopters manage to remain stationary in Air?\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/Rescue_exercise_RCA_2012.jpg\/1920px-Rescue_exercise_RCA_2012.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"483\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"386\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/Rescue_exercise_RCA_2012.jpg\/1920px-Rescue_exercise_RCA_2012.jpg\" title=\"hovering\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EHovering\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nThe act of remaining stationary in air, on a fixed position is called “\u003Ci\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SfwAydjOUGE\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHovering\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E”. It is an extremely difficult maneuver and requires a lot of skill for a pilot to hover a helicopter.. The ability of the helicopter to hover comes from the both the lift component and the thrust component.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nTo hover, a helicopter must balance out all the forces which are acting against it. For doing this , the helicopter :\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003Emust produce lift perpendicular the rotor planes and which is equal to the force of gravity or weight.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003Emust produce drag which is opposite to the thrust of the helicopter.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nWhen all the opposing forces are in balance, the helicopter remains stationary in air.\u003Cspan style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nPhoto Credits :\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n1. Wikimedia Commons\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n2. Kinja\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n3. Royal Air Force , Ministry of Defence\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/5553083857211242133"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/5553083857211242133"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/08\/how-helicopters-hover-in-air-remain-stationary.html","title":"How Helicopters Hover in the air?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-TDwNXqsEgTU\/W4HOyOuRXxI\/AAAAAAAAAL4\/w83NC49xMg8kgUzynAvhaegrNCRTVSK0wCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/Helicopter_gif_1340244-00292-00299.gif","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-2472230426522962055"},"published":{"$t":"2018-08-20T10:06:00.003-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-08-20T10:06:48.444-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Windsock"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"How does a windsock work?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EHOW DOES A WINDSOCK WORK?\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-VLtwa5aOaqE\/W3r0x7S_6GI\/AAAAAAAACPc\/mq36DXQ6Zpk0QYv4ZTI7h8XA2cxXngkdwCLcBGAs\/s1600\/cloud-sky-wind-airport-red-vehicle-602411-pxhere.com.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"How does windsock work\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1067\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-VLtwa5aOaqE\/W3r0x7S_6GI\/AAAAAAAACPc\/mq36DXQ6Zpk0QYv4ZTI7h8XA2cxXngkdwCLcBGAs\/s640\/cloud-sky-wind-airport-red-vehicle-602411-pxhere.com.jpg\" title=\"How does windsock work\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EIf an aircraft is about to take off and the pilot wants to get a rough idea about the wind speed and its direction then it could be done through a conical shaped textile tube, which is known as a windsock. Windsock is normally placed next to the runway which could be easily accessed by the pilot during take-off. Windsocks also find a place in most airport ground charts, where it is represented by a little conical symbol.\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EOperation of Windsock:\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EThere are lamps which are installed into the windsock to make it visible for operating efficiently during the night. There are some rudder inputs which are required for overcoming the effect of wind during take-off. The rudder is a movable part of the vertical stabilizer, which could be deflected for left-right movement of the aircraft.\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003ESo the windsock could be used to get a rough estimate about the amount of rudder deflection required so that aircraft always remain in-line with the runway during take-off.\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EFinding out the wind direction:\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003ETo find out the wind direction, the pilot firstly takes a look at the compass to check his heading direction and then windsock is used to estimate the pointing angle of wind direction. Windsock would get deflected in the direction opposite to where the wind is coming from. If the windsock is pointing towards the east, then it means that the wind is blowing from west to east direction. \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003EWind blowing from the west is given a heading notation of 270\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E⁰. So the pilot could refer to the windsock to calculate the relative wind direction by taking a note of the values of the compass and estimated direction given by Windsock.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EFinding out the wind speed:\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"\u003EThere are different rings present on the windsock. These are mainly \u003C\/span\u003Ecolored\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;alternately with red and white. Each ring indicates the wind velocity of 5 knots (9.26 km\/hr). A wind speed of 15 knots would be indicated by three fully blown rings. If all the rings are fully blown up, then one could even expect some gusts. In this way, the pilot could multiply the number of fully blown rings with 5 to get an estimated wind speed in Knots. \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EWindsock is just used for getting a rough idea. Windsocks provide quick information about wind speed and its direction.\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u003C\/span\u003EWindsocks are easy to maintain and install. Flight regulations ensure that even the smallest airport should have at least one windsock.\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003ETo get the exact information about wind and weather ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service) is used. ATIS is a recorded broadcast of aeronautical information which includes weather conditions and several other things. ATIS is very useful to reduce the workload of ATC (Air Traffic Controller). ATIS works at a particular frequency which would be mentioned by the airport. The pilot would have to tune in the radio at that particular frequency to hear the recorded voice.\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003ETherefore it could be concluded that the pilot must refer to the ATIS to get the exact information about the weather. Windsocks could only be used to provide a rough estimate of the wind information.\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EThanks for reading!\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003ESuggested articles: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/08\/how-does-aircraft-navigation-system-work.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow does aircraft Navigation system work?\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/2472230426522962055"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/2472230426522962055"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/08\/how-does-windsock-work.html","title":"How does a windsock work?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-VLtwa5aOaqE\/W3r0x7S_6GI\/AAAAAAAACPc\/mq36DXQ6Zpk0QYv4ZTI7h8XA2cxXngkdwCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/cloud-sky-wind-airport-red-vehicle-602411-pxhere.com.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-3328763587910034005"},"published":{"$t":"2018-08-16T12:54:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-08-19T06:52:48.637-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft lift"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"airplane lift"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"alpha"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"angle of attack"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"angle of contact"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"AOA"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"lift"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"pitch angle"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"What is Angle of attack?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EWhat is Angle of Attack?\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-iD5Ir0icgJI\/W3l2F6epzdI\/AAAAAAAACPQ\/Q81xbY6v0M87e5chzGLYmmxBMvluqU2XwCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Boeing_747.JPG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"What is Angle of Attack\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"721\" data-original-width=\"1088\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-iD5Ir0icgJI\/W3l2F6epzdI\/AAAAAAAACPQ\/Q81xbY6v0M87e5chzGLYmmxBMvluqU2XwCLcBGAs\/s640\/Boeing_747.JPG\" title=\"What is Angle of Attack\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAngle of attack is one of the most important features in an aircraft or airplane because angle of attack effects the lift of the airplane. This angle of attack concept is also used when the plane has to takeoff or land. So, angle of attack is a very useful concept if applied properly in aircraft and airplane.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003EWhat is this angle of attack?\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-6_a7AxFRpH4\/W3VB_7gnuOI\/AAAAAAAAANA\/xgMPaUYtO2s0Uq5H-HFMTbhhaWVRoA2zgCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Angle%2Bof%2Bcontact%2Baircraft.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"414\" data-original-width=\"691\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-6_a7AxFRpH4\/W3VB_7gnuOI\/AAAAAAAAANA\/xgMPaUYtO2s0Uq5H-HFMTbhhaWVRoA2zgCLcBGAs\/s640\/Angle%2Bof%2Bcontact%2Baircraft.png\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003EIt’s as simple as the name suggest that it is an angle and angle is measured between two lines. So first of all to define the angle of attack and understand it properly. We have to first know about the two lines between which the angle is measured. Here these two lines are known as vectors(\u003Cspan style=\"color: #cc0000;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white;\"\u003EIt is a line segment with an arrow on one side of line which displays a quantity graphically representing the direction as well as magnitude of that quantity, it’s length of line segment is magnitude of that quantity and arrow facing is the direction of the movement of that quantity\u003C\/span\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E) in technical terms. The first vector is pointing towards the relative motion direction between the body(\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #cc0000;\"\u003Eairplane, aircraft\u003C\/span\u003E) and the fluid through which it is moving(\u003Cspan style=\"color: #cc0000;\"\u003Eair\u003C\/span\u003E). Now what does this relative motion direction means if we analyse the flight of an airplane or aircraft then we see that the direction of the plane flying and direction of the wind striking it is not the same so to sort out this problem we consider a relative motion vector between these directions. Second vector is the reference line (\u003Cspan style=\"color: #cc0000;\"\u003ECentreline\u003C\/span\u003E) of the body of airplane or aircraft. Sometimes the second vector is also taken as chord line of the aerofoil. Here aerofoil is the name given to a particular shape of wing used mostly everywhere in the airplane or aircraft, so the imaginary line passing through the leading edge and trailing edge of the aerofoil shape is known as chord line. The angle between these two vectors is known as angle of attack. It’s a bit confusing but don’t worry we will once again rethink it. The angle of attack is the angle between the chord line of the wing and the vector representing the relative motion between the aircraft direction of movement and the air direction of movement.\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-NY3Sz-JhfgM\/W3VCQ7soa5I\/AAAAAAAAANI\/3iPiQWLd6kUN_3IjcpR2eA_TZxCzD2IcQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/angle%2Bof%2Bcontact%2B2.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"678\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"268\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-NY3Sz-JhfgM\/W3VCQ7soa5I\/AAAAAAAAANI\/3iPiQWLd6kUN_3IjcpR2eA_TZxCzD2IcQCLcBGAs\/s640\/angle%2Bof%2Bcontact%2B2.png\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u0026nbsp;W\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ehat is the use of this angle of attack ?\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nAs I explained in the first paragraph that it is used for changing the lift of the planes.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EHow does this angle of attack effects the lift of the plane?\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nTo understand this we have to first understand that how the lift is generated. The magnitude of the lift generated by an object( \u003Cspan style=\"color: #cc0000;\"\u003Ein our case airplane or aircraft\u003C\/span\u003E) depends on the shape of the object and how it moves through the air. The lift in the airplane or aircraft is produced by it’s wings. The angle of attack in simple words we can say that is the inclination of the wing to the flight direction of the plane. This has a large effect on the lift generated by the wing.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003EThis phenomenon is used during the takeoff of plane by the pilot when an airplane takeoff, the pilot applies as much thrust( \u003Cspan style=\"color: #cc0000;\"\u003Elarge forward push applied due to engines \u003C\/span\u003E)as possible to make the airplane roll along the runway. But just before lifting off, the pilot rotates the aircraft\u0026nbsp; (\u003Cspan style=\"color: #cc0000;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: yellow;\"\u003Ethe aircraft has three axes shown in figure below so the aircraft can be rotated about these three axes by controlling the horizontal \u0026amp; vertical stabilizer provided at the trailing edge of the aircraft\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E) due to this the nose of the airplane rises, leading to increase in the angle of attack and producing the increased lift needed for takeoff.\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-b3d7Ij3ixSY\/W3VFmxPrG9I\/AAAAAAAAANk\/BTOh0-yvvdgXPlgnD174zL8ltxdaME9mQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Airplane%2Brotational%2Baxes.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1204\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-b3d7Ij3ixSY\/W3VFmxPrG9I\/AAAAAAAAANk\/BTOh0-yvvdgXPlgnD174zL8ltxdaME9mQCLcBGAs\/s400\/Airplane%2Brotational%2Baxes.png\" width=\"400\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003EThe angle of attack is determined by calculating the length to width(L\/D) ratio of the airplane or aircraft wing as well as body and kept as per requirement to get different outcomes like to achieve good glide , to achieve an increasing lift \u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003Eetc. \u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E→For small angle of attack, lift is related to angle of attack\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: red;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cu\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: red;\"\u003EGreater angle = Greater lift\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/u\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E→For larger angle of attack, the lift relation is complex\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-KaGWwcICAOg\/W3VCTOxKXJI\/AAAAAAAAANM\/JunWm_jj9O0DOGTlDty0zAk6OAbvSp9aACEwYBhgL\/s1600\/angle%2Bof%2Battack%2Bgraph.JPG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"462\" data-original-width=\"724\" height=\"408\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-KaGWwcICAOg\/W3VCTOxKXJI\/AAAAAAAAANM\/JunWm_jj9O0DOGTlDty0zAk6OAbvSp9aACEwYBhgL\/s640\/angle%2Bof%2Battack%2Bgraph.JPG\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003EThank you for reading!\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 107%;\"\u003EDo leave us your valuable feedback!\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3328763587910034005"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3328763587910034005"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/08\/what-is-meant-by-angle-of-attack.html","title":"What is Angle of attack?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-iD5Ir0icgJI\/W3l2F6epzdI\/AAAAAAAACPQ\/Q81xbY6v0M87e5chzGLYmmxBMvluqU2XwCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/Boeing_747.JPG","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-2749651591418451573"},"published":{"$t":"2018-08-11T07:45:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-08-11T07:45:23.329-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Flux temperature"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Runway"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Take off"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"What is Flex Temperature?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EWHAT IS FLEX TEMPERATURE?\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-ocNig7NwF3k\/W270EQ7Vx-I\/AAAAAAAACH4\/OC-5PH9UgUgPlZCfaeXLwafSkyuLIBm7QCLcBGAs\/s1600\/airplane-2745898_1920.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"What is flex temperature\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1068\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-ocNig7NwF3k\/W270EQ7Vx-I\/AAAAAAAACH4\/OC-5PH9UgUgPlZCfaeXLwafSkyuLIBm7QCLcBGAs\/s640\/airplane-2745898_1920.jpg\" title=\"What is flex temperature\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Ch4 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EFlex Temperature or\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: georgia, \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 16px;\"\u003Ede-rated temperature\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h4\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EAs it is not necessary that the cars should be accelerated at a particular speed, similarly it is not necessary that the aircraft should always take-off at its maximum thrust. As there is an optimal value of speed at which a car would give the maximum average, similarly to reduce the fuel consumption of an aircraft during take-off an optimal value of thrust is decided. Boeing calls this concept as de-rated temperature and most of the other airliners call this Flex temperature. This article deals with the step by step analysis of power setting during take-off and its relation with Flex temperature.\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003ECalculations prior to a take-off:\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-iVlm1rYJiBU\/W270a65cupI\/AAAAAAAACIA\/RFHOYGoqFk0aMmnPFw623WfT-jHwfVOkgCLcBGAs\/s1600\/aircraft-1456706_1280.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Aircraft Take off\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"853\" data-original-width=\"1280\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-iVlm1rYJiBU\/W270a65cupI\/AAAAAAAACIA\/RFHOYGoqFk0aMmnPFw623WfT-jHwfVOkgCLcBGAs\/s640\/aircraft-1456706_1280.jpg\" title=\"Aircraft Take off\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EA commercial aircraft is not always applied with full power during take-off, although most of the smaller aircraft use full power to take-off. There is a sudden decrease in engine sound just after the take-off, which could easily be observed by a passenger sitting in it. This sudden decrease in the sound of the engine is due to the Flex temperature and climb power setting. Various factors are taken into account while performing take-off calculations. These calculations are done prior to every take-off. The pilot is provided with a load sheet containing all the important factors required for the calculations. ATIS (Automated Terminal Information Service) which is a recorded voice containing description about weather conditions and several other things to reduce the workload of ATC (Air Traffic Controller) is referred by the pilot for performing the calculations. \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EEntering fake air temperature to fool FADEC:\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-U7pKwn1X478\/W270yKPWOKI\/AAAAAAAACII\/1RKZYdcsyegQmpnaKgnGfvKBAPE7RRPYwCLcBGAs\/s1600\/FADEC.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"FADEC\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"324\" data-original-width=\"224\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-U7pKwn1X478\/W270yKPWOKI\/AAAAAAAACII\/1RKZYdcsyegQmpnaKgnGfvKBAPE7RRPYwCLcBGAs\/s400\/FADEC.jpg\" title=\"FADEC\" width=\"276\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EFADEC\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EAfter the calculations, there would be some suggested values of Flex temperature along with the various take-off velocities for the particular Flex temperature. \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/07\/engine-failure-during-takeoff.htm\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ET\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: georgia, \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/07\/engine-failure-during-takeoff.htm\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehis article\u003C\/a\u003E would help you to understand the various velocities involved during take-off. The pilot would choose one of the suggested values of Flex temperature and feed that value to MCDU (Multi Function Control and Display Unit). Now FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control Unit) assumes that the outside air temperature is the one provided by the pilot. \u003C\/span\u003EActually\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: georgia, \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"\u003E, a fake value of outside air temperature is entered in the MCDU by the \u003C\/span\u003Epilot,\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: georgia, \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"\u003E so that the FADEC reduces the power which would help in preventing engine wear. FADEC is actually fooled by the value of Flex temperature as it thinks that the outside air temperature is very high, therefore to prevent damage of the engine at such expected high temperatures it commands the engine to work at a reduced power. \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: georgia, \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: georgia, \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EBenefits of using Flex temperature:\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003ETOGA thrust is the maximum thrust available with an aircraft to take-off. All take-offs should not be performed at the TOGA power setting as it results in more engine wear. The reason behind choosing the Flex temperature approach is to increase the engine life, which would reduce the chances of an engine failure. This approach of using de-rated power setting reduces fuel consumption as the fuel flow rate is less when Flex temperature is used. \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EHarms of using Flex temperature:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EUse of Flex temperature is not allowed when runway surface is contaminated. The aircraft would be left with shorter stop distance in case of rejected take-off as in de-rated power setting the aircraft would be accelerated at a lower rate. The use of Flex temperature is also prohibited in the runways which are either at higher altitudes or which are short in length. \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EThe concept of using de-rated power setting is actually how to balance shorter runway length in case of rejected take-off and engine life. \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EThanks for reading!\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003ESuggested article: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/08\/aircraft-taxi-and-line-up-procedure.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow do pilot move aircraft from one place on ground to another?\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/2749651591418451573"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/2749651591418451573"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/08\/what-is-flex-temperature.html","title":"What is Flex Temperature?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-ocNig7NwF3k\/W270EQ7Vx-I\/AAAAAAAACH4\/OC-5PH9UgUgPlZCfaeXLwafSkyuLIBm7QCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/airplane-2745898_1920.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-1804675361045189763"},"published":{"$t":"2018-08-04T23:34:00.002-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-08-04T23:36:24.505-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Airplane"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Keys"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Do planes have keys?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EDO AIRPLANES OPERATE WITH A KEY\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-abUaLg4Ad30\/W2aYPBV9gMI\/AAAAAAAACGo\/EYQinUtxUZEYm_uu6S2GpGZoNHJcd_AoACLcBGAs\/s1600\/Do%2Bairplanes%2Bhave%2Ba%2Bkey.JPG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Do planes have keys\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1076\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"430\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-abUaLg4Ad30\/W2aYPBV9gMI\/AAAAAAAACGo\/EYQinUtxUZEYm_uu6S2GpGZoNHJcd_AoACLcBGAs\/s640\/Do%2Bairplanes%2Bhave%2Ba%2Bkey.JPG\" title=\"Do planes have keys\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EThis obvious question could easily pop up in mind of any person that whether an aircraft is started like a car or scooter and are there any keys which are required for flying an aircraft. This question would be addressed in a step by step approach in this article. Firstly the Gliders should be discussed as they are the simplest form of aircraft without any engine. Gliders are usually locked in hangars (Hangar is a building used for housing aircraft). Most of the gliders do not have any lock. There is no ignition key required as the gliders don’t have any engine. To sit in the cockpit of a glider, one has to unlock the glass dome by grabbing the release handle. \u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-qpMS1HQHHcQ\/W2aYr4DEhcI\/AAAAAAAACGw\/WviB38MOEIk_34rLT4ozCish-x5_m7powCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Glider%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Glider with door open\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"803\" data-original-width=\"1200\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-qpMS1HQHHcQ\/W2aYr4DEhcI\/AAAAAAAACGw\/WviB38MOEIk_34rLT4ozCish-x5_m7powCLcBGAs\/s640\/Glider%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" title=\"Glider with door open\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EPreventing general aviation aircraft from being stolen:\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-UxuXmXdq8Ls\/W2aZHpC9t-I\/AAAAAAAACG8\/wyyoC5sVli8FTocmCZwwHmo5Xvwjcpq8gCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Cessna%2Bskycatcher.JPG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Cessna Skycatcher\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"600\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-UxuXmXdq8Ls\/W2aZHpC9t-I\/AAAAAAAACG8\/wyyoC5sVli8FTocmCZwwHmo5Xvwjcpq8gCLcBGAs\/s640\/Cessna%2Bskycatcher.JPG\" title=\"Cessna Skycatcher\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003ECessna Skycatcher\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EThe next type of aircraft to be considered for analysis is the small private propeller driven aircraft or small trainer aircraft. Cessna Skycatcher is an example of such aircraft. These aircraft are easily accessible as they are parked outside at the airfield. Therefore for these aircraft, a key is mandatory, which would be used not only to lock the door but also as an ignition key. Still, there are few cases where an aircraft standing at the airfield has been stolen. There are various safety alarms available in the market for aircraft, like those which are used to prevent thieves from stealing a car. There is an electric starter motor for most of the aircraft in the general aviation category. Therefore the key is turned to connect battery and starter motor. Key is also used to check the two magnets of the engine ignition system, during engine run-up procedure. \u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EConsidering the safety of airliners:\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-JzPVRgh7DbQ\/W2aZkwudpGI\/AAAAAAAACHE\/_8IZNVwg__IJvw-Gi25iC3uveLd3-JtSgCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Cessna%2BCitation.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Cessna Citation Excel\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"533\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-JzPVRgh7DbQ\/W2aZkwudpGI\/AAAAAAAACHE\/_8IZNVwg__IJvw-Gi25iC3uveLd3-JtSgCLcBGAs\/s640\/Cessna%2BCitation.jpg\" title=\"Cessna Citation Excel\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EKeys are required to open the main door, which would unfold the stairs to enter cabin in business jets like Cessna Citation but no key is required to start up the engines. To make aircraft more temper proof, some executive jets have a key to start the electrical system. For airliners, no key is required to enter the cabin or to start the engine. So how the security of the airliners would be assured?\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EAirliners are parked at controlled airports, which have 24-hour surveillance. Local security could easily notice any sort of unapproved movement and cause for alarm. Seals are used in case the airliners are parked away from the surveillance area. Seals have numbered sprocket stickers which can stick to any door or latch. The thief would have to break the seal before entering the cabin and there is no way by which the seal could stick back again. So, once the crew arrive at the parked aircraft and find any seal missing or damaged then that cabin crew will perform a thorough search of the aircraft before the first passenger is on board. \u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: white; font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/store.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/07\/Aircraft-Nerds-Roll-T-Shirt.html\" style=\"background-color: white;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBuy this T-shirt here!\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: orange; color: white; font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/store.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/07\/Aircraft-Nerds-Roll-T-Shirt.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1600\" data-original-width=\"1535\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-l5ZpD5NJU9M\/W0DgH7_QSuI\/AAAAAAAACFA\/anCtuOTw4KANB75vGTn8yTkhvqCZ7YZrgCLcBGAs\/s320\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BRoll%2B%2BT-shirt%2BAd.jpg\" width=\"305\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EA crisp conclusion to the use of a key for an aircraft:\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EThe airliners are neither started with a key nor do they have a key for locking its doors. The smaller aircraft have locks on the door and sometimes their flight controls are locked with a padlock as they are more likely to be parked outside at uncontrolled airfields. There is an interesting TV series: “Airplane Repo” in which pilots repossess all sorts of aircraft from piper cubs to business jets without using any key. \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EThanks for reading! \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;georgia\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003ESuggested article: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/08\/how-does-tcas-work.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow aircraft mid-air collision is prevented?\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/1804675361045189763"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/1804675361045189763"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/08\/do-planes-have-keys.html","title":"Do planes have keys?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-abUaLg4Ad30\/W2aYPBV9gMI\/AAAAAAAACGo\/EYQinUtxUZEYm_uu6S2GpGZoNHJcd_AoACLcBGAs\/s72-c\/Do%2Bairplanes%2Bhave%2Ba%2Bkey.JPG","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-105807145953131335"},"published":{"$t":"2018-07-07T08:17:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-07-07T08:49:09.632-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Air traffic controller"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Airbus"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Aviation History"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"boeing"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Things about aviation you should know by Harshada Ahire"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"WordSection1\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 13.5pt 3pt;\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nThings about aviation you should know by Harshada Ahire\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\"All about aviation\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-RDkWYEywSpg\/WGeAUUW6RvI\/AAAAAAAAA8U\/CGE8REMsDl4joCga77IBAtzvIXsp1zvVQCLcB\/s640\/Boeing%2B747%2Bwallpaper%2BAircraft%2BNerds%2B%2B%25285%2529.JPG\" title=\"All about aviation\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThe word Aviation was introduced by the French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863. The word aviation is derived from\u0026nbsp;the Latin\u0026nbsp;word\u0026nbsp;avis\u0026nbsp;means “Bird” and the suffixation. Aviation deals with travel by air, specifically in a plane.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E1.History of aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E1.1 Early Beginning of aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EIn 852 AD, Armen Firman of Spain covered his body with feathers and created wing-like garments that he attached to his arms. He then jumped from the tower but his attempt was unsuccessful with minor injuries. In the 5th century, kites were invented in china. It was known as the first aircraft made by man.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThe age of modern aviation began during the 1700s and classified into two main categories: -\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EA] Lighter-than-air aviation\u0026nbsp;and B] Heavier-than-air aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"background-color: orange; color: white; font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/store.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/07\/Aircraft-Nerds-Roll-T-Shirt.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBuy this T-shirt here!\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: orange; color: white; font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/store.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/07\/Aircraft-Nerds-Roll-T-Shirt.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1600\" data-original-width=\"1535\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-l5ZpD5NJU9M\/W0DgH7_QSuI\/AAAAAAAACFA\/anCtuOTw4KANB75vGTn8yTkhvqCZ7YZrgCLcBGAs\/s400\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BRoll%2B%2BT-shirt%2BAd.jpg\" width=\"382\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E1.2] Lighter-than-air aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\"Ballon de Rozier\" height=\"416\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/Ballon_de_Rozier.jpg\/800px-Ballon_de_Rozier.jpg\" title=\"Ballon de Rozier\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EIn September 1783 an inventor De Rozier came up with the idea of creating a balloon that could possibly carry people. The idea that people could travel by air was so inventive that other people began capitalizing on the movement This invention become popular and made successful on November 21,1783 by Montgolfier brothers. The balloon was lifted by hot air from a wood fire and flew a total of nine kilometers in 25 minutes. It had enough fuel to fly for a longer duration but two\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eaeronauts had to land because the firewood’s embers began to burn the fabric. The Experimenting of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind due to\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Elack of maneuverability. Later this issue was solved by dirigible. Dirigibles derive lift from hydrogen or helium gas instead of from heat. These airships were the first to carry passengers over long distances. \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EAirships are classified into three categories: -\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003Cb\u003ENon-rigid\u003C\/b\u003E – Also known as blimps, they lack a solid wood or metal framework. They basically consist of envelopes filled with gas, with a small gondola attached below.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003Cb\u003ESemi-rigid\u003C\/b\u003E – An airship with a solid supporting structure that only runs on the bottom part of the ship’s interior.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003Cb\u003ERigid\u003C\/b\u003E – These airships have a full internal framework, usually constructed from wood or some type of metal, covered with an envelope. One or more gasbags inside provide lift.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThe age of lighter-than-air aviation waned with the development of better airplane designs. On May 6, 1937, the zeppelin Hindenburg burst into flames and crashed to the ground at Lakehurst, N.J., killing 22 crewmen, 13 passengers and a ground worker. The accident would mark the end of the airship era.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E1.3] Heavier-than-air aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\"Wright flyer\" height=\"414\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/86\/First_flight2.jpg\/800px-First_flight2.jpg\" title=\"Wright flyer\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThe first recorded powered flight was carried out by Clément Ader on October 9, 1890 in his bat-winged, fully self-propelled fixed-wing aircraft. The flight was\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eof a significant distance (50 m (160 ft)) but insignificant altitude from level ground. On December 17, 1903 the Wright brothers completed their dream by braking records through feet and time with each successful test flight. The Wright brothers flights combined both power and control, setting a new standard for aviation. The Journal of Aircrafts noted that the Wrights discovery was one of the most critical components of heavier-than-air, powered flight\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eis three-axis control . Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. The Wright brothers took aloft the first passenger Charles Furnas on May 14,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E1908. Approximately eleven years later this invention lead to military manufacturing for WW1 and five years after that the postal air mail service. heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting and even attacks against ground\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Epositions. The 1920s and 1930s were a time of explosive growth in civil aviation. Revolutionary aircraft designs such the Douglas DC-3 which became the first airliner to be profitable carrying passengers exclusively.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E2] Post World War II civil aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E \u003Cimg alt=\"DAYTON, Ohio -- Cessna UC-78B Bobcat at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. (U.S. Air Force photo)\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2007\/Nov\/02\/2000434246\/780\/780\/0\/071102-F-1234S-013.JPG\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EBy the end of World War II, many\u0026nbsp;towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. The war brought many innovations to aviation including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets. After World War II especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation in both private and commercial as thousands of pilots were released from military service and much inexpensive war-surplus\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Etransport and training aircraft became available. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E, \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eand Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market. Today that standardization has paid off in safer and more economical airliners operated by the major carriers.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThere are five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Airbus, based in Europe.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Boeing, based in the United States.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Bombardier, based in Canada.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Embraer, based in Brazil.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; United Aircraft Corporation, based\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Ein Russia.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EBoeing, Airbus, Ilyushin\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E, \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eand Tupolev concentrate on wide-body and\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Enarrow-body jet airliners while Bombardier,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EEmbraer and Sukhoi concentrate on regional airliners.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E3] Military aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003ESimple balloons were used as surveillance aircraft in the 18th century. Over the years, military aircraft have been built to increasing capability requirements. Manufacturers of military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost performance and the speed of production. Other branches of a nation's armed forces may use naval aviation and army aviation, in addition to or instead of a dedicated air force. In some cases, this includes coast guard services that are also an armed service, as well as gendarmeries and equivalent forces.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003ETypes of military aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cimg alt=\"A Su-27 escorted by an F-16\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0f\/A_Su-27_escorted_by_an_F-16.jpg\/800px-A_Su-27_escorted_by_an_F-16.jpg\" title=\"A Su-27 escorted by an F-16\" \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Fighter aircraft's primary function is to destroy other aircraft.(e.g. Sopwith Camel, A6M Zero, F-15, MiG-29, Su-27, and F-22).\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Ground attack aircraft are used against tactical earth-bound targets. (e.g. Junkers Stuka, A-10, Il-2, J-22 Orao, AH-64 and Su-25).\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Bombers are generally used against more strategic targets, such as factories and oil fields. (e.g. Zeppelin, Tu-95, Mirage IV, and B-52).\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Transport aircraft are used to transport hardware and personnel. (e.g. C-17 Globemaster III, C-130 Hercules\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Mil Mi-26).\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft obtain information about enemy forces. (e.g. Rumpler Taube, Mosquito, U-2, OH-58\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;MiG-25R).\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs ) are used primarily as reconnaissance fixed-wing aircraft, though many also carry payloads. Cargo aircraft are in development. (e.g. RQ-7B Shadow, MQ-8 Fire Scout, and MQ-1C Gray Eagle).\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Missiles deliver warheads, normally explosives, but also things like leaflets.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E4] The era of digital aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EDuring the modern era\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;adopting digital or computerized techniques, the aviation industry has really taken off. During the 1970s, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD\/CAM) software enabled the creation of better aircraft designs. Computer simulations have also led to the discovery of better materials for creating lighter and stronger airplanes. Digital systems have found their way inside the modern\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eaircraft, rendering most mechanical and\u0026nbsp;analogue\u0026nbsp;instruments obsolete. Example of “glass cockpit” employing LCD screens instead of the mechanical gauges and dials.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E5] The Impact of Safety on the Aviation Industry\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThe impact of safety in aviation can be defined by how management reacts to the\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eimplementation of a safety culture within the work environment. There is a growing\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eseparation between safety and the management of its impact on the aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eindustry. Implementation of Federal regulations with a strong training regimen has\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eproved to be a challenge within the\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eaviation industry. Many of the\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Enecessary processes for safety are\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Ebeing ignored because of\u0026nbsp;high\u0026nbsp;cost to\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eimplement. To obtain the objective\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Ethat safety is part of the daily\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eroutine management has to contribute\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eproactively to promote the right safety\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eculture. An effective safety culture will\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eonly be accomplished through\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Emethods of creating a positive\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eatmosphere\u0026nbsp;and recognizing the human factors involved within the aviation community. Without a significant concentration in the arena of safety to improve operations the aviation industry will have greater opportunities to fail. Concentrating on safety issues will greatly improve the maintenance efforts and produce a safer operating more efficient culture. The inability of management to support a measurable safety program would only spell disaster within the operating company within the aerospace industry. Answering how the impact of safety in the aerospace industry may only be answered by management opening the financial lock and becoming proactive in the processes of implementation.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E6] Aviation Security\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003ESecurity personnel\u0026nbsp;are\u0026nbsp;the most recognizable entity prior to passengers accessing planes. Everybody knows\u0026nbsp;theses\u0026nbsp;personnel, they’re always telling people to take off their shoes, belts, all metal objects out of pockets, everyone rolls there eyes making snide remarks, or uploading videos to “Youtube” showing how the Airport Security groped then during a pat down. For every snide remark a passenger makes, they are\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Ethwarting a potential threat by locating someone’s knife, box cutter, lighter, or other item being detected through a pat down security check or a handheld metal detector; or\u0026nbsp;though\u0026nbsp;an X-Ray machine where bags are screened and objects that could cause potential. They will also be subject to random full screening so terrorists don't exploit the program to get on planes.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E7]\u0026nbsp;Environmental\u0026nbsp;impact\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E \u003Cimg alt=\"Boeing KC-135 J57 wet takeoff\" height=\"433\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9a\/Boeing_KC-135_J57_wet_takeoff.jpg\/800px-Boeing_KC-135_J57_wet_takeoff.jpg\" title=\"Boeing KC-135 J57 wet takeoff\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003ELike all activities involving combustion, operating powered aircraft from airliners to hot air balloons releases soot and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to aviation for instance\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause (mainly large jet airliners) emit aerosols and leave contrails, both of which can increase cirrus cloud formation – cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eparticularly nitrogen compounds, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Most light piston aircraft burn avgas, which\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Econtains\u0026nbsp;tetraethyllead\u0026nbsp;(TEL). Some lower-compression\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Episton engines can operate on unleaded mogas, and turbine engines and diesel engines – neither of which require lead – are appearing on some newer light aircraft.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EAnother environmental impact of aviation is noise pollution, mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E8] Causes and Factors Involving Aircraft Accidents\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E \u003Cimg alt=\"Aircraft crash\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/c.pxhere.com\/photos\/37\/80\/airplane_plane_crashed_plane_plane_wreck_strange-7807.jpg!d\" title=\"Aircraft crash\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThe causes and factors that will be discussed are human performance, environmental, and the aircraft itself. Although flying is one of the safest means of transportation, accidents do happen. It is the\u0026nbsp;investigators\u0026nbsp;job to determine why the accident happened, and who or what was at fault. In the event of an accident, either one or all of these factors will be determined as the cause of the accident. Also discussed will be one of the most tradgic\u0026nbsp;plane\u0026nbsp;crashes in aviation history and the human factors involved. With any accident\u0026nbsp;investigation\u0026nbsp;one of the main focuses is to determine the cause and factors involved in the accident. Determining the cause of the accident would consist of finding out why the accident happened. This can include any mechanical failures to\u0026nbsp;environmental\u0026nbsp;issue or even human error can be a serious cause to an aircraft accidents.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EAll facts, conditions, and circumstances are taken into account when determining the\u0026nbsp;probably\u0026nbsp;cause in an investigation. Determining all the possible factors that are involved in an accident can help an investigator determine all the probable causes contributing to the accident. This can also help to determine weather or not the probable cause could have been prevented. All accidents usually have multiple contributing cause and factors which lead to a series of events causing the accident. The most common cause and factors involved in a crash are the aircraft itself are the environment or\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Epersonnel. Personnel factors are the main cause of aircraft accidents.This\u0026nbsp;will help investigators in\u0026nbsp;there\u0026nbsp;investigation\u0026nbsp;.Althought\u0026nbsp;aircraft accidents will eventually happen, \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eknowing this information can help to reduce the number of accidents and \u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Ethe significance if one should happen.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E9] Air traffic control\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E \u003Cimg alt=\"Air Traffic Controller Tower\" height=\"479\" src=\"https:\/\/c.pxhere.com\/photos\/ca\/10\/airport_building_sun_weather_sky_air_aircraft_architecture-489094.jpg!d\" title=\"Air Traffic Controller Tower\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EAir traffic control (ATC) involves communication with aircraft to help maintain separation – that is, they ensure that aircraft are sufficiently far enough apart horizontally or vertically for no risk of collision. Controllers may co-ordinate position reports provided by pilots, or in high traffic areas such as the United States, they may use radar to see aircraft positions.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThere are generally four different types of ATC:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; center controllers, who control aircraft en route between airports\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; control towers (including a tower, ground control, clearance delivery, and other services), which control aircraft within a small distance (typically 10–15 km horizontal, and 1,000 m vertical) of an airport.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; oceanic controllers, who control aircraft over international waters between continents, generally without radar service.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E•\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; terminal controllers, who control aircraft in a wider area (typically 50–80 km) around busy airports.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EATC is especially important for aircraft flying under instrument flight\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Erules (IFR), when they may be in weather conditions that do not allow the pilots to see other aircraft. However, in very high-traffic areas, especially near major airports, aircraft flying under visual flight rules (VFR) are also required to follow instructions from ATC.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EIn addition to separation from other aircraft, ATC may provide weather\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003Eadvisories, terrain separation, navigation assistance, and other services to pilots, depending on their workload.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EATC\u0026nbsp;do\u0026nbsp;not control all flights. The majority of VFR flights in North America are not required to contact ATC (unless they are passing through a busy terminal area or using a major airport) and in many areas, such as northern Canada and low altitude in northern Scotland, Air traffic control services are not available even for IFR flights at lower altitudes.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E10] Advantages of aviation technology\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E \u003Cimg alt=\"Concorde\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5e\/Edsb_concorde_apron_20030624.jpg\/800px-Edsb_concorde_apron_20030624.jpg\" title=\"Concorde\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E1.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; High Speed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E: Helicopters have been really helpful to the health care system.This\u0026nbsp;is because flying will get sick people to the hospital faster than driving.This\u0026nbsp;is why there are helicopter landing pads on hospitals.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E2.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Minimum Cost\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E: Unlike railways and road transport, there is no need to spend money on the construction of any track or road, only airports have to be constructed.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E3.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Useful in natural calamities\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E: During\u0026nbsp;earth quake, flood, accidents and famine air transport is used for rescue operations.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E4.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Useful for Agriculture\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E: Air transport is\u0026nbsp;useful\u0026nbsp;for aerial spray on pests and insects which cause harm to crops.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E5.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Strategic Importance\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E: An airway has great strategic importance. It can be used for internal and external security.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E11] Disadvantages of aviation technology\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E1.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; High Costs\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E: Air transport is a costly service. Its operational costs are too high.\u0026nbsp;Middle\u0026nbsp;class and poor people can not affect its cash.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E2.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; More Risks\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E: Air transport is prone to accidents. A small mistake can be very dangerous for passengers. Hijacking of planes is easily possible.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E3.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Huge Investments\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E: For creating aviation facilities, huge investments are required. The cost of\u0026nbsp;aeroplanes, construction\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;maintenance of aerodromes and control mechanism needs a capital expenditure.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E12] Future scope of aviation\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E \u003Cimg alt=\"Boeing 777x\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7b\/2016.10.13.113139_Boeing_777X_model_Future_of_Flight_Center_%26_Boeing_Tour_Everett_Washington.jpg\/800px-2016.10.13.113139_Boeing_777X_model_Future_of_Flight_Center_%26_Boeing_Tour_Everett_Washington.jpg\" title=\"Boeing 777x\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThe question of whether or not the world continues to produce jet fuel from oil, coal or natural gas depends on a few key factors. Cost is the single biggest driver of options for the future of fossil-derived jet fuels and the future price of crude oil is fundamental to any material changes to the status quo. With the current boom in shale gas production, it is possible that gas could become sufficiently cheap and plentiful to be converted to jet fuel. Even if gas is not converted to jet fuel, it can relax the overall energy constraint thereby lowering the prices aviation faces for traditional kerosene. Against this background, decisions concerning the policies that will be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will play a major role in changing the cost differences between fossil-derived jet fuel options. If governments agree to put a price on carbon and other greenhouse gases, and that price is sufficiently high to change the global carbon emissions trajectory, then it is unlikely that coal-to-liquids or gas-to-liquids technologies will be viable.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E13] Conclusion\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThe growth in\u0026nbsp;the aviation\u0026nbsp;industry, the fact that people are traveling more frequently and wish to do so quicker and more efficiently. With businesses growing faster than before, the need for Air Charter is increasing day by day and hence a study of the evolution and challenges faced by the entrepreneurs engaged in Air Charter would add value to the industry.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThis article was submitted by Harshada Ahire\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;\"\u003EThanks for reading!\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right: 3.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/105807145953131335"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/105807145953131335"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/07\/Things-about-aviation-you-should-know-by-Harshada-Ahire.html","title":"Things about aviation you should know by Harshada Ahire"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-RDkWYEywSpg\/WGeAUUW6RvI\/AAAAAAAAA8U\/CGE8REMsDl4joCga77IBAtzvIXsp1zvVQCLcB\/s72-c\/Boeing%2B747%2Bwallpaper%2BAircraft%2BNerds%2B%2B%25285%2529.JPG","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-562953184662047760"},"published":{"$t":"2018-05-29T12:34:00.003-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-05-30T00:24:37.140-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aeroplane"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Airplane"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"cockpit"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"helicopter"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Modern jets"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"pilot"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Seat"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Slipstream effect"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Why do pilots sit on left seat of the cockpit"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Why do pilots sit on the left seat of the cockpit?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EWhy do pilots\u0026nbsp;sit on the left seat of the cockpit?\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-k_KDPhQ_6fE\/Ww2mfz9RRQI\/AAAAAAAAB_k\/GVOeWOfv8n8MtilbHbVUMYp-urTzHFIXwCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Pilots_on_left_seat_of_cockpit.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Why do pilots sit on the left seat of the cockpit\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"640\" data-original-width=\"960\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-k_KDPhQ_6fE\/Ww2mfz9RRQI\/AAAAAAAAB_k\/GVOeWOfv8n8MtilbHbVUMYp-urTzHFIXwCLcBGAs\/s640\/Pilots_on_left_seat_of_cockpit.jpg\" title=\"Why do pilots sit on the left seat of the cockpit\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EThe pilot on the left and first officer on the right\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EThe pilot and first officer are only two flight crews in most of the modern aircraft. Pilot sits on the left side of the cockpit. And the first officer sits on the right side.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EReason for this goes back to the olden times. In olden times, Most of the aircraft were propeller driven. Propellers were attached in front of the aircraft.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003ESuch aircraft have a tendency to yaw undesirably. This effect is known as slipstream effect.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EWhat is slipstream effect?\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-vxJk0rBK5Ms\/Ww2pbMLvp_I\/AAAAAAAACAE\/3kmH-1BlLUQub6PZikcLB09cMidLnHCQgCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Slipstream_effect.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"What is slipstream effect?\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"900\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-vxJk0rBK5Ms\/Ww2pbMLvp_I\/AAAAAAAACAE\/3kmH-1BlLUQub6PZikcLB09cMidLnHCQgCLcBGAs\/s640\/Slipstream_effect.jpg\" title=\"What is slipstream effect?\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003ESlipstream effect\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003EMost single engine Aircraft have clockwise rotating propeller. When propeller rotates, the air around it rotates. As Aircraft progresses, airflow becomes a spiral flow.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EThis air then hits the vertical stabilizer on the left side. Which makes aircraft to yaw left.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EAs Aircraft have a tendency to yaw left, it is easy for the pilot to turn Aircraft left. It takes more rudder force to yaw Aircraft right.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EAirport Left traffic pattern\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-DJczNj624wQ\/Ww2nAMt654I\/AAAAAAAAB_s\/qT1vaQ3d_Yo_Sj3WQ69mw13ZhUKHY9tkgCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Aircraft_left_traffic_pattern.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Aircraft left traffic pattern\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"500\" data-original-width=\"840\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-DJczNj624wQ\/Ww2nAMt654I\/AAAAAAAAB_s\/qT1vaQ3d_Yo_Sj3WQ69mw13ZhUKHY9tkgCLcBGAs\/s640\/Aircraft_left_traffic_pattern.png\" title=\"Aircraft left traffic pattern\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EAircraft left traffic pattern\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EAs it is easy to turn left, The left traffic pattern is standard traffic pattern. It means all the turns in the most of the airport traffic are left. But there are few airports with right traffic pattern.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EThe pilot keeps the aircraft on the right side of the airway. In olden times, pilots often used the direction of the rails and roads for the navigations. As opposite traffic follows the same rules, they pass each other from left. And hence avoiding any possible head-on collision.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EThis explains, why a pilot seat on the left side of single Engine propeller aircraft. But what about modern jets? Modern jets follow the same old rules.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EWhy do modern plane pilots seat on the left seat of the cockpit?\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-Zhbh_G9rbK8\/Ww2n1UD7WbI\/AAAAAAAAB_4\/EudL4M69gUY9cTckx9DuDouDvWmQ5_yDwCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Modern%2Bplanes%2Bpilot%2Bseat%2Bon%2Bleft.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"533\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-Zhbh_G9rbK8\/Ww2n1UD7WbI\/AAAAAAAAB_4\/EudL4M69gUY9cTckx9DuDouDvWmQ5_yDwCLcBGAs\/s640\/Modern%2Bplanes%2Bpilot%2Bseat%2Bon%2Bleft.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EModen aircraft - Boeing 747 (Not so modern, but still!)\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003EIn most of the modern jets, there is no slipstream effect. But seating on left provides other benefits. According to International Civil Aviation Organization, in a case of a possible head-on collision, both pilots shall take their heading to the right. In this condition, left side seating pilot gets a better view of the other aircraft. This helps the pilot to control aircraft to avoid a collision.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EAnd hence pilots seat on the left side of the cockpit. But it's not always true. Take an example of student pilots. Student pilots are not captain in command but they still seat on the left seat. and instructors seat on the right.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cstyle\u003E.embed-container { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }\u003C\/style\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"embed-container\"\u003E\n\u003Ciframe allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dTx5CvH_ryY\"\u003E\u003C\/iframe\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003EThere is one more advantage of the\u0026nbsp;pilot sitting on the left side of the cockpit. Pilot taxi aircraft in such a way that aircraft door is just in front of the airport terminal. In most of the airports, passengers board aircraft from the left side of the aircraft.\u0026nbsp; Hence, left sitting pilot gets a better view of the terminal building. This helps the pilot to take a better view of wingtip clearance from the terminal building. This ensures pilot that aircraft wings are not hitting airport terminal.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EBut why do passengers board a plane from the left? \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/05\/why-do-we-board-plane-from-left.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECheck this article to know the answer.\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-P5ZnSTBmzRI\/Ww2SPN-6RyI\/AAAAAAAAB_c\/IvwMDkRdzKsexl0PSREJoE_QS_XF_IexwCPcBGAYYCw\/s1600\/aircraft_boarding_from_left.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"677\" data-original-width=\"1200\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-P5ZnSTBmzRI\/Ww2SPN-6RyI\/AAAAAAAAB_c\/IvwMDkRdzKsexl0PSREJoE_QS_XF_IexwCPcBGAYYCw\/s640\/aircraft_boarding_from_left.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EPassengers board from the left of the aircraft\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003EDo you know? most of the helicopter pilots seat on the right seat of the cockpit!\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003EIf you like this article follow us on Instagram to get updates about future articles and exciting aviation content:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/aircraftnerds\/\" style=\"font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003Ehttps:\/\/www.instagram.com\/aircraftnerds\/\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"auto\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;verdana\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EThanks for reading!\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/562953184662047760"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/562953184662047760"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/05\/why-do-pilots-sit-on-left-seat-of-cockpit.html","title":"Why do pilots sit on the left seat of the cockpit?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-k_KDPhQ_6fE\/Ww2mfz9RRQI\/AAAAAAAAB_k\/GVOeWOfv8n8MtilbHbVUMYp-urTzHFIXwCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/Pilots_on_left_seat_of_cockpit.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-7101603917526701587"},"published":{"$t":"2018-02-03T10:59:00.001-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-08-05T00:05:50.901-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aeroplane"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Circumnavigation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"WE Expedition"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"WE Expedition: Circumnavigation of the earth "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nAround the world in 100 days!\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-D-4FhegD398\/WnYGYyxl3-I\/AAAAAAAABvU\/YskSrTbN2BYFJFnlx7DrLF2F-T0iGupWQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Pipistrel_Sinus_912_NW.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"WE Expedition: Circumnavigation of the earth \" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"742\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"296\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-D-4FhegD398\/WnYGYyxl3-I\/AAAAAAAABvU\/YskSrTbN2BYFJFnlx7DrLF2F-T0iGupWQCLcBGAs\/s640\/Pipistrel_Sinus_912_NW.jpg\" title=\"WE Expedition: Circumnavigation of the earth \" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nDo you know about the Jules Verne's 1872 adventure novel 'Around the world in 80 days'? If yes, then you probably know how cool circumnavigation is. Oxford dictionary defines circumnavigation as\u0026nbsp;The action or process of sailing or otherwise traveling all the way around something, especially the world. Travelling all around the earth isn't that exciting? (Unless you are the moon, then that's usual thing, Lame joke!) In the Jules Verne's novel, Englishman Phileas Fogg with his servant Passepartout uses various transportations to accomplish the circumnavigation. In 2004, Movie of the same name as the novel was made, directed by Frank Coraci.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThis was complete fictional though!\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nBut there are few successful circumnavigations in the real world.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nWorld's first Circumnavigation of the Earth\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-ZXKsS8aDtrs\/WnYCRZg3qjI\/AAAAAAAABuk\/5gHCG39_ObM5Ok-hC6yoskmFjVnwCIUKwCLcBGAs\/s1600\/1280px-Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-fr.svg.png\" imageanchor=\"1\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"649\" data-original-width=\"1280\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-ZXKsS8aDtrs\/WnYCRZg3qjI\/AAAAAAAABuk\/5gHCG39_ObM5Ok-hC6yoskmFjVnwCIUKwCLcBGAs\/s640\/1280px-Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-fr.svg.png\" title=\"Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThe Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation was the first circumnavigation. It was a Spanish expedition under the command of Ferdinand Magellan that sailed from Seville in 1519. They left Spain on 20th September 1519 with 5 Ships and 270 men. They traveled from Spain to East Asia through the Americas and across the Pacific Ocean. This trip was concluded by\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Juan Sebastián Elcano after the death of Ferdinand Magellan at Philippine. At the end of the circumnavigation, Juan Sebastián Elcano returned Spain with only 1 ship and 18 men on 6th September 1522.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nAs Aircraft Nerds, we are more interested in aerial circumnavigation, aren't we?\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nWorld's first Aerial circumnavigation of the Earth\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-uN0CEFOcYiQ\/WnYCoUFKfPI\/AAAAAAAABuo\/LHB4vDNVn2gYYxcdK1bQQbtsE5aIs8ODACLcBGAs\/s1600\/Aircraft_Chicago%253BAero27G6.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"First aerial circumnavigation\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"499\" data-original-width=\"640\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-uN0CEFOcYiQ\/WnYCoUFKfPI\/AAAAAAAABuo\/LHB4vDNVn2gYYxcdK1bQQbtsE5aIs8ODACLcBGAs\/s640\/Aircraft_Chicago%253BAero27G6.jpg\" title=\"First aerial circumnavigation\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EDouglas World Cruiser Aircraft Chicago\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nIn 1924, The team of aviators of the United States Army Air Service (United States Air Force) conducted the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. In this trip, they covered 27,553 miles (44,342 km) in 175 days. 4 Douglas World Cruiser aircraft named Seattle, Chicago, Boston, and New Orleans left Santa Monica, California for\u0026nbsp;circumnavigation on\u0026nbsp;4 April 1924. Douglas World Cruiser was modified version of DT Torpedo Bomber.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-LsSwsKt-S_M\/WnYDJpY3yVI\/AAAAAAAABu4\/3BIQ4tNwAbIlDdhdmY8RO6Ryq7CyIMtdACLcBGAs\/s1600\/B-50A_Lucky_Lady_II_in_flight_1949.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Lucky Lady II\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"364\" data-original-width=\"540\" height=\"430\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-LsSwsKt-S_M\/WnYDJpY3yVI\/AAAAAAAABu4\/3BIQ4tNwAbIlDdhdmY8RO6Ryq7CyIMtdACLcBGAs\/s640\/B-50A_Lucky_Lady_II_in_flight_1949.jpg\" title=\"Lucky Lady II\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003ELucky Lady II - Non-Stop circumnavigation\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\nNot amazed yet? So, here is the exciting info. Lucky Lady II USAF Boeing B-50 Superfortress is the first aircraft to circumnavigate around the earth Non-Stop. In 1949, it was supported by in-flight refueling. The flight lasted for 94 hours and 1 minute.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nEnough talking about the past. Now, let's talk about Indian mother-daughter duo who is going to create history in the circumnavigation of the earth. They have named their this journey around the world as WE Expedition.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nWE Expedition!\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-X8Li8XVY1GI\/WnYDbCzirZI\/AAAAAAAABu8\/_EJeOwyMOfkBMRIU1_cq0w5pcylKXlc4wCLcBGAs\/s1600\/logo-women-empower.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"WE Expedition\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"403\" data-original-width=\"699\" height=\"368\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-X8Li8XVY1GI\/WnYDbCzirZI\/AAAAAAAABu8\/_EJeOwyMOfkBMRIU1_cq0w5pcylKXlc4wCLcBGAs\/s640\/logo-women-empower.png\" title=\"WE Expedition\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nWhat is 'WE'? 'WE' stands for Women Empower. WE is a movement which will inspire women \u0026amp; girls all over the world and help them to grow. WE expedition is the world’s first circumnavigation by an Indian women pilot in a motorglider.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nIndia’s daughters Keithair Misquitta (Age 23) and Aarohi Pandit (Age 22), are all set to go around the globe with microlight motor glider\u0026nbsp;Mahi (which means Great Planet Earth in Sanskrit)! Actually, Mahi is Sinus 912, two-seat, ultra-light, high-wing, cantilever monoplane developed by\u0026nbsp;Pipistrel with the wingspan of 14.97 m (49 ft 1 in) and max. take-off weight of 544 kg (1,200 lb). It is powered by Rotax 912UL, 4-cylinder liquid cooled engine.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-Zg4XhtUp_MA\/WnYDzd9sVlI\/AAAAAAAABvE\/HVCxXNza-BUa0_c6RxMHAkKY2aAjyj6sQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/PipistrelSinus912.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Sinus 912\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"702\" data-original-width=\"1024\" height=\"438\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-Zg4XhtUp_MA\/WnYDzd9sVlI\/AAAAAAAABvE\/HVCxXNza-BUa0_c6RxMHAkKY2aAjyj6sQCLcBGAs\/s640\/PipistrelSinus912.jpg\" title=\"Sinus 912\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003ESinus 912\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nWE Expedition is a 100 days long journey. Young women duo will cover 40,000kms touching 3 continents.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nAccording to the official website of 'WEfly', World records set by this WE Expedition are as follow:\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EA World Record for the first motorglider circumnavigation by a woman\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWorld First for an all-woman, non-commercial, civilian expedition\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe First motorglider circumnavigation by an Indian pilot, man or woman\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThe special thing about this journey is it will not only create multiple World Records but also it will motivate woman across the globe. Fund collected by this journey (WE Udaan Scholarship) will help deserving girls across various cities and towns in India to enroll in aviation training.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nTrack their expedition here:\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/wefly.org.in\/where-is-we\/\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: orange;\"\u003Ehttp:\/\/wefly.org.in\/where-is-we\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nMore Details!\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nTo get detailed information about WE Expedition you can visit their official website\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/wefly.org.in\/\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: orange;\"\u003Ehttp:\/\/wefly.org.in\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThis article is a small attempt to support WE Expedition. We wish WE Expedition to be a great success. You can support WE Expedition by contributing to WE Udaan Scholarship. Click on the link below to contribute to WE Udaan Scholarship\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/wefly.org.in\/the-we-udaan-scholarship\/\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: orange;\"\u003Ehttp:\/\/wefly.org.in\/the-we-udaan-scholarship\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThanks for reading!\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/7101603917526701587"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/7101603917526701587"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/02\/we-expedition-circumnavigation-of-earth.html","title":"WE Expedition: Circumnavigation of the earth "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-D-4FhegD398\/WnYGYyxl3-I\/AAAAAAAABvU\/YskSrTbN2BYFJFnlx7DrLF2F-T0iGupWQCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/Pipistrel_Sinus_912_NW.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-3238724381049895089"},"published":{"$t":"2018-01-09T06:11:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-03-04T05:48:26.294-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Drag"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"lift"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"lift induced drag"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"maneuver"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"military"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"roll"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"sideslip"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"stability"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"swept wing"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"what is the dutch roll"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"yaw"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"What is the dutch roll? "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ESKIES HAVE EYES\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-8EVkUHeWBX8\/WlTNHYwTmsI\/AAAAAAAABuA\/23JbCedh5X0BjImz-OdmwR5JsvKbISuxQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Mig%2B23%2B-%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"What is Dutch Roll?\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1063\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-8EVkUHeWBX8\/WlTNHYwTmsI\/AAAAAAAABuA\/23JbCedh5X0BjImz-OdmwR5JsvKbISuxQCLcBGAs\/s640\/Mig%2B23%2B-%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" title=\"What is Dutch Roll?\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EIt’s the 7\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C\/sup\u003E of June 1967, the six-day war is unfolding on the ground. But our eyes stay fixed to the skies where the swept wing greats, the Mirage 3 battles it out with the MiG 21 in a dogfight which is sure to make it to the books. Diving into the battlefield from the cloud ceiling, Giora Romm in the cockpit of the Dassault Mirage 3 engages in a fight for air superiority against the MiGs. A few minutes in, he is seen with an enemy MiG on his tail shooting for the kill. He then sets the Mirage to rock about its axis, to dodge the gunfire and escapes the danger successfully. PAUSE.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Dutch roll- Mirage 3\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"404\" data-original-width=\"758\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-LOm1RnlvcOo\/WlHv6-kUfjI\/AAAAAAAAAdQ\/bYoEG9DiviI7XaHoXu6E-nuvsEBgWNTzQCLcBGAs\/s640\/six.png\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" title=\"Dutch roll- Mirage 3\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EHey, wanna check out my cockpit?\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-LOm1RnlvcOo\/WlHv6-kUfjI\/AAAAAAAAAdQ\/bYoEG9DiviI7XaHoXu6E-nuvsEBgWNTzQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/six.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EWhat he did there,\u0026nbsp; is a brilliant maneuver\u0026nbsp;in military aviation, called \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EThe Dutch Roll\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E.\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E This might sound like a mouth-watering puff pastry which tests the prowess of some cute dutch bakers, but all it tests is the roll and yaw stability of an aircraft....\u003Ci\u003Ewhich is way cooler.\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EBefore we go into how a dutch roll happens, let’s look into a couple of crazy circus acts our aircraft can do:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"font-family: times, \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot;, serif; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-0qJ0T_gpgQc\/WlIDDvVXAII\/AAAAAAAAAeA\/XjVcAl_kEWANQQbypo9bgSNKMowVMXqTQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/pitch.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Dutch Roll - Aircraft Moments\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"821\" data-original-width=\"1092\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-0qJ0T_gpgQc\/WlIDDvVXAII\/AAAAAAAAAeA\/XjVcAl_kEWANQQbypo9bgSNKMowVMXqTQCLcBGAs\/s640\/pitch.png\" title=\"Dutch Roll - Aircraft Moments\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EThe rotational motions of an aircraft\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ERolling (banking)\u003C\/b\u003E – Aircraft rotation about the longitudinal\u0026nbsp;axis. This can be brought about by one wing having a higher lift than the other wing. (ailerons jutting in opposite directions).\u0026nbsp; For example, if the left wing has more lift, right-wing tilt down and the aircraft rolls right\u0026nbsp;\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EYawing\u003C\/b\u003E- Aircraft rotation about the perpendicular axis. Rolling and yawing come as a package deal. So your aircraft rolls left. The lift vector which was initially perpendicular to the wing jutting upwards is tilted to the left. Thanks to vector algebra, this tilted lift vector has a horizontal component associated with it called\u003Cb\u003E \u003Ci\u003ESideslip\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003E(somebody makes this a dance move already). This skids\/ yaws the aircraft in the direction of the roll in our case yaws left.\u0026nbsp;\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EPitching\u003C\/b\u003E- Aircraft rotation about the lateral axis. Can happen when the elevators on both the wings are operated in tandem. We don't need pitching motion in the dutch roll so it isn't explained here. But feel free to check out how pitching works. \u003Ci\u003EKnowledge is boundless.\u0026nbsp;\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ESO WHAT REALLY HAPPENS IN A DUTCH ROLL?\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EPut on your imagination caps so I can paint you this three-dimensional moving picture.\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-J4sPrSkDAfs\/WlHx9a-kK1I\/AAAAAAAAAdc\/mZ18XdQ2ltg3iuVhPr-nuzgcB-1qqTZAACEwYBhgL\/s1600\/1.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Dutch Roll - Swept angle\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"452\" data-original-width=\"460\" height=\"624\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-J4sPrSkDAfs\/WlHx9a-kK1I\/AAAAAAAAAdc\/mZ18XdQ2ltg3iuVhPr-nuzgcB-1qqTZAACEwYBhgL\/s640\/1.png\" title=\"Dutch Roll - Swept angle\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003ERolling right creating the horizontal sideslip\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EAssume you roll your Mirage right, and the lift vector tilts right. The horizontal component of the tilted lift, sideslip yaws the aircraft to the right. This yawing causes the free stream velocity or the velocity of the wind to hit the wing at an angle. Now, pay close attention to the sweep (Wing swept angle) of that beauty. (learn about swept back wings here: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/10\/why-aircraft-wings-are-angled-backwards.html\"\u003Eyay information\u003C\/a\u003E) This angle at which the wind hits the wing causes more chordwise component of wind on the right wing. (lift which matters is only generated when the flow is parallel to the chord. Go learn about lift here: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/08\/misconceptions-about-lift-theory.html\"\u003Eclick diz\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;). So more air is flowing just how we want it (parallel to the chord) on the right wing and not as much on the left. This translates to more lift on the right wing than the left. Still with me? This unbalanced lift, higher lift on the right side and lower on the left creates another roll, except now it's to the left. The right wing with more lift brings with it drag. This is the lift-induced drag explained in our article on the types of drag. :\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/06\/types-of-drags-on-aircraft.html\"\u003EDrag your butt over here\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-GP0b95gxQLs\/WlHx--pEQOI\/AAAAAAAAAdg\/tXDsXKs0J1QehUZ9r0KUPNnuMxlPy8LCQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/2.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Dutch Roll - Swept Wing\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"432\" data-original-width=\"506\" height=\"544\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-GP0b95gxQLs\/WlHx--pEQOI\/AAAAAAAAAdg\/tXDsXKs0J1QehUZ9r0KUPNnuMxlPy8LCQCLcBGAs\/s640\/2.png\" title=\"Dutch Roll - Swept Wing\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EYawing right, the relative wind hits the leading edge like this\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EThis right wing drag pulls the plane right (yaws right). This is when the vertical stabilizer (fixed vertical wing on the tail end of aircraft) does its thing by reversing this yaw, bringing it lined up with the nose. Remember our Mirage\u0026nbsp;is still rolling left? This induces a left sideslip. This gives a yawing to the left. And this goes on as a repetitive\u0026nbsp;\u003Ci\u003Erocking and rolling\u003C\/i\u003E motion until of course the rudders are employed to bring it back to stable flight. You can think of the Dutch roll as you when you're 5 drinks in, and the rudder is your sober best friend.\u0026nbsp;\u003Co:p\u003E\u003C\/o:p\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EAlthough military aircrafts are thrown into dutch roll intentionally, their commercial cousins go into a dutch roll due to turbulence or external disturbance. They are not built for such instability: because that's what this is,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ci\u003E an instability condition\u003C\/i\u003E. Which is why we say fighter jets are built for maneuverability (aka instability) while commercial aircrafts are built for stable level flight. (if they weren't our flights would be one hell of a ride). In this constant tradeoff between stability and maneuverability, as a design engineer you have to ask yourself this question:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EIs your aircraft equipped to rock and roll?\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Zmjam1evDD4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHere is a visualization of the Dutch Roll\u0026nbsp; \u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EThanks for reading!\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;helvetica\u0026quot; , sans-serif;\"\u003EVideo Credits: \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC_DPNGkhzIR2qfHUU9H0PyA\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPadpilot\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3238724381049895089"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3238724381049895089"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2018\/01\/what-is-dutch-roll.html","title":"What is the dutch roll? "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-8EVkUHeWBX8\/WlTNHYwTmsI\/AAAAAAAABuA\/23JbCedh5X0BjImz-OdmwR5JsvKbISuxQCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/Mig%2B23%2B-%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-3650261713806295966"},"published":{"$t":"2017-01-21T12:18:00.001-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-09-29T10:35:19.029-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aeroplane"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Anhedral wings"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"How dihedral wings work"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"plane"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Why are low wing aircraft wings are angled upwards?"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"What are dihedral wings? How do they work?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nDihedral \u0026amp; Anhedral Aircraft Wings\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-rL4zeOdGt1A\/WIO5BGlzhnI\/AAAAAAAABE8\/nvXYnG-4PJsvu8Ca6ky623OqNLM5AwMbwCLcB\/s1600\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BDihedral%2Bupward%2Bangled%2Bwings.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-rL4zeOdGt1A\/WIO5BGlzhnI\/AAAAAAAABE8\/nvXYnG-4PJsvu8Ca6ky623OqNLM5AwMbwCLcB\/s640\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BDihedral%2Bupward%2Bangled%2Bwings.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nIn a case of \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/2016\/06\/aircraft-wing-configuration.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elow wing Aircraft\u003C\/a\u003E, such as Boeing 747, wings are angled upward while in a case of \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/2016\/06\/aircraft-wing-configuration_30.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehigh wing aircraft\u003C\/a\u003E, such as Antonov An225, wings are angled downwards.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EBut why are wings angled?\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nUpward angled wings of low wing Aircraft are known as dihedral wings \u0026amp; Downward angled wings of high wing aircraft are known as anhedral wings.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nNeed of Dihedral wings\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nSuppose wings of low wing aircraft are straight without any angle. So when Aircraft is cruising, Lift force will act perpendicular to the relative upcoming airflow. So if Aircraft rolls, the direction of lift force on each wing will change with aircraft. Suppose aircraft rolls to left ( Anti-Clockwise), So the direction of lift force on each wing will also tilt to the left at some angle.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nSo now there are two components lift force. One in vertical direction \u0026amp; other in a horizontal left direction. The magnitude of components of lift force will be same on each wing of the aircraft.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nSo Due to the horizontal component of lift force, aircraft will slip towards left. And Aircraft will become unstable.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nHow do dihedral wings work?\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-rasRpTVm-xA\/WIPIt2EE9FI\/AAAAAAAABGY\/SltfQ9QzYJguo_kUw_eJio07CyNkT4T7QCLcB\/s1600\/Transaero_Boeing-747.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-rasRpTVm-xA\/WIPIt2EE9FI\/AAAAAAAABGY\/SltfQ9QzYJguo_kUw_eJio07CyNkT4T7QCLcB\/s640\/Transaero_Boeing-747.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from: -Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nIn a case of dihedral wings, at the time of cruising direction of lift force on each wing is already tilted towards aircraft as wings are angled in the upward direction.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nNow suppose again if aircraft rolls to left(Anti-Clockwise direction), lift force on each wing will tilt to the left at some angle. Here, the left wing of aircraft is lower wing \u0026amp; right wing is the\u0026nbsp;upper wing. If we find components of lift force on each wing, the magnitude of the vertical component of lift on left wing will be higher than the magnitude of the vertical component of lift force on the right wing as the lower left wing has a higher angle of attack than the higher right wing.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-meEkhGfOEUc\/WIO-kczLySI\/AAAAAAAABFc\/k_k8KrD33FI5744eAc90M45xkJy7M7jYgCLcB\/s1600\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BDihedral%2Bwing.png\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Lateral stability due to Dihedral Angle of aircraft\" border=\"0\" height=\"408\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-meEkhGfOEUc\/WIO-kczLySI\/AAAAAAAABFc\/k_k8KrD33FI5744eAc90M45xkJy7M7jYgCLcB\/s640\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BDihedral%2Bwing.png\" title=\"Lateral stability due to Dihedral Angle of aircraft\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThis difference in lift force on aircraft wings will produce a moment in opposite direction. This prevents Aircraft from slipping \u0026amp; stabilizes aircraft.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nAnhedral Wings\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-xD3E2huojrc\/WIO6Bb6zPjI\/AAAAAAAABFI\/Is4plP_WZnY1jklgNWIxoiI_KyJ5n0p4wCLcB\/s1600\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BAnhedral%2Bdownward%2Bangled%2Bwings%2BAntonov%2BAn225.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Anhedral angle of aircraft wing\" border=\"0\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-xD3E2huojrc\/WIO6Bb6zPjI\/AAAAAAAABFI\/Is4plP_WZnY1jklgNWIxoiI_KyJ5n0p4wCLcB\/s640\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BAnhedral%2Bdownward%2Bangled%2Bwings%2BAntonov%2BAn225.jpg\" title=\"Anhedral angle of aircraft wing\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nIn a case of\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/2016\/06\/aircraft-wing-configuration_30.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E the high wing aircraft,\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;The Anhedral angle is given to move the center of gravity of an aircraft to the bottom. So that such aircraft have good rolling stability.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-QyUeGQP_RvE\/WIO_oSVHn-I\/AAAAAAAABFk\/NYpVqFzy2Agm1m4Se5akO3JccM9CQYrSQCLcB\/s1600\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2Broly%2Bpoly%2Bcentre%2Bof%2Bgravity%2Bdoll.png\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Centre of gravity\" border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-QyUeGQP_RvE\/WIO_oSVHn-I\/AAAAAAAABFk\/NYpVqFzy2Agm1m4Se5akO3JccM9CQYrSQCLcB\/s640\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2Broly%2Bpoly%2Bcentre%2Bof%2Bgravity%2Bdoll.png\" title=\"Centre of gravity\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage From: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nRemember Center of gravity doll (Roly-poly toy)? Even such dolls have a center of gravity at the bottom. Same principle as of this doll is the reason for the better stability of high wing aircraft.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EAlso check\u003C\/b\u003E: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2017\/09\/cheapest-and-most-expensive-commercial-plane.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhich is cheapest and most expensive passenger aircraft in use?\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3650261713806295966"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3650261713806295966"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2017\/01\/Dihedral-and-Anhedral-Aircraft-Wings.html","title":"What are dihedral wings? How do they work?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-rL4zeOdGt1A\/WIO5BGlzhnI\/AAAAAAAABE8\/nvXYnG-4PJsvu8Ca6ky623OqNLM5AwMbwCLcB\/s72-c\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BDihedral%2Bupward%2Bangled%2Bwings.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-3146720819812901969"},"published":{"$t":"2017-01-19T13:49:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-01-27T11:03:44.793-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"boundary layers"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"fluid mechanics"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"generators"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"how do vortex generators work"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"need of Vortex Generators."},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"vortex"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"vortex generator working"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Vortex Generators"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"How do Vortex Generators work?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nVortex Generators\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-X1w-6x5OHqo\/WIEdcVt3J-I\/AAAAAAAABEU\/vuhDLW7AZ-UDk6aqIJ1Ejv7crQyEh9w_wCLcB\/s1600\/Harrier_gr9_zg502_closeup_arp.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-X1w-6x5OHqo\/WIEdcVt3J-I\/AAAAAAAABEU\/vuhDLW7AZ-UDk6aqIJ1Ejv7crQyEh9w_wCLcB\/s640\/Harrier_gr9_zg502_closeup_arp.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003ECourtesy: - wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nVortex generators is small device used to improve stability of the aircraft and delay its stall. But how do they do it?\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nBefore going ahead lets take a look at basics of fluid mechanics.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nTo understand vortex generators it is necessary to know about boundary layers.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EWhat is boundary layer?\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\nConsider an air is moving over any aerofoil. (Aerofoil is simply cross section of an Aerodynamic shape). If we take a look at microscopic level, velocity of the air just above the surface of the aerofoil will be zero. This is because of viscous \u0026amp; frictional forces between air and aerofoil surface. So due to viscous and frictional forces velocity of air just above aerofoil surface will be zero. Due to this stationary layer air above this layer will slow Down again due to viscous force. This forms region above surface of the aerofoil with gradually increasing velocity of air. At far distance from the surface of the aerofoil there will be a point where velocity of the air will be equal to velocity of incoming air. So the region from surface of an aerofoil where velocity of air is zero to this point is known as boundary layer.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nNeed of Vortex Generators\u003C\/h2\u003E\nFormation of boundary layer with high energy keeps air flow in contact with wing surface.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nBut at slow speed and higher angle of attack this air flow seperates from the wing surface and some times aircraft stalls.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nAlso some times airflow seperates from the wing before reaching to control unit such as ailerons. And pilot looses controls!\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nSo to overcome such problems, Vortex Generators are used. As name suggests vortex generators forms vortex and energize the boundary layer.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nHow Vortex Generators work?\u003C\/h3\u003E\nAt slow speed and higher angle of attack airflow cannot remain attached with wing due to its low energy. So here comes vortex generators. Vortex generators forms vortices. Vortices are just small tornados. Actually vortex generators brings high energy air above boundary layer near the surface of wing by forming vortices \u0026amp; energize boundary layer. This keeps airflow attached with wing and reduce the possibilities of aircraft stalling.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nOther use of vortex generators\u003C\/h3\u003E\nVortex generators are used under wing of Airbus A320 family aircraft to reduce noise generated by airflow over circular pressure equalisation vents for the fuel tanks. Lufthansa claims a noise reduction of up to 2 dB can thus be achieved.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor more posts visit\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/\"\u003Ewww.aircraftnerds.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLike us on facebook\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\"\u003Ewww.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nMail us your queries \u0026amp; doubts on\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"mailto:aircraftnerds@gmail.com\"\u003Eaircraftnerds@gmail.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3146720819812901969"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3146720819812901969"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2017\/01\/vortex-generators-how-do-they-work.html","title":"How do Vortex Generators work?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-X1w-6x5OHqo\/WIEdcVt3J-I\/AAAAAAAABEU\/vuhDLW7AZ-UDk6aqIJ1Ejv7crQyEh9w_wCLcB\/s72-c\/Harrier_gr9_zg502_closeup_arp.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-227488714417711086"},"published":{"$t":"2017-01-11T07:43:00.003-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-01-24T01:55:12.223-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Aircraft Engine"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"pilot"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Reduction in aircraft engine power"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Why do pilots reduce aircraft engine power after takeoff"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Why do pilots reduce aircraft engine power after takeoff?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nWhy do pilots reduce aircraft engine power after takeoff?\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-PcmJnpJtbs0\/WHZSWVGMzgI\/AAAAAAAABDg\/wbdQYaY5OkgwXDkmnEr8ARJLkBH6R1prACLcB\/s1600\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BWhy%2Bdo%2Bpilot%2Breduce%2Bengine%2Bpower%2Bafter%2Btakeoff.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-PcmJnpJtbs0\/WHZSWVGMzgI\/AAAAAAAABDg\/wbdQYaY5OkgwXDkmnEr8ARJLkBH6R1prACLcB\/s640\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BWhy%2Bdo%2Bpilot%2Breduce%2Bengine%2Bpower%2Bafter%2Btakeoff.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage From: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nDo you know that after taking off aircraft pilots reduce engine power? Why do they do that?\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nFirst of all while taking off pilots do not move throttle stick directly from ideal to maximum take-off power. Pilots take a\u0026nbsp;small pause before moving throttle stick to maximum take-off power. Pilots do that to ensure that all of the engines have started with equal power. Aircraft like Boeing 747 have big engines. Such a big engines produce very high thrust. Consider that you moved throttle stick directly to maximum take-off power. But due to some issue engines on one side of aircraft are producing more thrust that engines on the another side of the aircraft. This unsymmetrical thrust will produce a\u0026nbsp;torque on the aircraft. So aircraft will take an unnecessary turn. Which can cause aircraft to move away from the\u0026nbsp;runway.\u0026nbsp;To avoid such a situation pilots take a small pause before moving throttle stick directly to the\u0026nbsp;maximum.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n\n\u003Cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"IL_IN_ARTICLE\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nnow moving towards our question,\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-vViFa2lXWvA\/WHZUBC5Zr7I\/AAAAAAAABDs\/iXnP7JmStI0C6MworQstlKxil0KI_1JQwCLcB\/s1600\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BBoeing%2B747%2BThrust%2BLever.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-vViFa2lXWvA\/WHZUBC5Zr7I\/AAAAAAAABDs\/iXnP7JmStI0C6MworQstlKxil0KI_1JQwCLcB\/s640\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BBoeing%2B747%2BThrust%2BLever.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nInitially Pilot moves throttle stick to maximum take-off power. \u0026nbsp;After climbing enough altitude pilot reduces aircraft engine power. And again restore it.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nMost of the time airports are in the city area with a high number of residents. So after take-off just in few minutes aircraft is in the city area. And aircraft engines\u0026nbsp;produce really very loud noise. That loud noise can be irritating\u0026nbsp;for residents. To reduce that noise problem, at an altitude between 1000ft (0.3048Km) to 1500ft (0.4572Km) above ground level pilots reduce engine power. And after some time pilot again restores engine power.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nAnd again reaching cruising altitude pilot reduces engine power up to certain extent. This increases the fuel\u0026nbsp;efficiency of an aircraft.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThank you for reading!\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nFor more posts visit\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/\"\u003Ewww.aircraftnerds.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nLike us on facebook\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\"\u003Ewww.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nMail us your queries \u0026amp; doubts on\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"mailto:aircraftnerds@gmail.com\"\u003Eaircraftnerds@gmail.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/227488714417711086"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/227488714417711086"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2017\/01\/reducing-aircraft-engine-power-after-take-off.html","title":"Why do pilots reduce aircraft engine power after takeoff?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-PcmJnpJtbs0\/WHZSWVGMzgI\/AAAAAAAABDg\/wbdQYaY5OkgwXDkmnEr8ARJLkBH6R1prACLcB\/s72-c\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BWhy%2Bdo%2Bpilot%2Breduce%2Bengine%2Bpower%2Bafter%2Btakeoff.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-7818661720831656935"},"published":{"$t":"2017-01-03T12:08:00.003-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2019-12-30T16:34:05.836-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"A300"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"A300B"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Airbus"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviationnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Commercial Airbus planes naming"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"How are airbus aircraft named"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"How are Airbus planes named"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nerds"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"How are Airbus planes named?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nCommercial Airbus planes naming\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-3lZcgHk8LFc\/WGwDrUy5t6I\/AAAAAAAABAE\/2_w8F2-zs5s2Ue1OCGswaQeMbCv2nsfGACLcB\/s1600\/Airbus%2BA380%2BAircraft%2BNerds%2B%25284%2529.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-3lZcgHk8LFc\/WGwDrUy5t6I\/AAAAAAAABAE\/2_w8F2-zs5s2Ue1OCGswaQeMbCv2nsfGACLcB\/s640\/Airbus%2BA380%2BAircraft%2BNerds%2B%25284%2529.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nAirbus is leading Aircraft manufacturing company in Europe. From\u003Cspan style=\"color: orange;\"\u003E \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/2017\/01\/how-are-boeing-planes-named.html\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: blue;\"\u003Emy previous post, we know how are Boeing aircrafts named\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. Today we are going to see how Airbus aircraft are named.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nIf you look closely at Airbus aircraft names you will see names with format A3XX. Such as A320, A350, A380, etc.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nFirst commercial aircraft manufactured by Airbus was Airbus A300. Here A in A300 stands for Airbus. Airbus thought 300 will be the number of passengers in that aircraft. But later on, they realized that 300 passengers are a bit too much. For better performance, they reduced the number of passengers to 260 and named their aircraft A300B.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-c0w8b01wgdI\/WGwEP39xTVI\/AAAAAAAABAI\/opPNozVHCy4e9wfH7IH1YKrx9JC2Q10bwCLcB\/s1600\/Prototype_Airbus_A300_and_Concorde_at_Toulouse.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-c0w8b01wgdI\/WGwEP39xTVI\/AAAAAAAABAI\/opPNozVHCy4e9wfH7IH1YKrx9JC2Q10bwCLcB\/s640\/Prototype_Airbus_A300_and_Concorde_at_Toulouse.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage From: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nAfter Airbus A300B, Airbus named their aircraft as\u0026nbsp;A310, A320, A330, A340, A350, and A380. You can see the pattern. If any variants of these aircraft then those aircraft are named by just changing digits little bit. For example A318, A319 are shorter variants of Airbus A320, and A321 is a longer variant of Airbus A320.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nAgain same as Boeing aircraft, Airbus aircraft are named like Airbus A3XX-ABC\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nHere ABC is code for the engine used in Airbus Aircraft.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor example, take an aircraft\u0026nbsp;A320-231.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nComparing A320-231 with A3XX-ABC\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nSo, A is 2, B is 3 \u0026amp; C is 1\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nhere 2 is series of aircraft A320-200, then 3 for IAE(International Aero Engine) and engine version 1. So name A320-231\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor an Airbus A330-244\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nA is 2, B is 4, C is 4\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nHere 2 is series of aircraft A330-200, 4 for Rolls Royce engine \u0026amp; other 4 for Trent 775 at the 334kN thrust\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 1.2em;\"\u003EEngine code\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: xx-small;\"\u003E (Courtesy: - Wikipedia)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E0\u003Cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\" style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003EGeneral Electric (GE)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E1\u003Cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\" style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003ECFM International (GE and SNECMA)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E2\u003Cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\" style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003EPratt \u0026amp; Whitney (P\u0026amp;W)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E3\u003Cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\" style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003EInternational Aero Engines (P\u0026amp;W, RR, MTU, Kawasaki, Mitsubishi, and IHI)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E4\u003Cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\" style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003ERolls-Royce (R-R)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E5\u003Cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\" style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003ECFM International (GE and SNECMA) (CFM International LEAP-1A for A320 NEO Family)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E6\u003Cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\" style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003EEngine Alliance (GE and P\u0026amp;W)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E7\u003Cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\" style=\"white-space: pre;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003EPratt \u0026amp; Whitney (P\u0026amp;W) (Pratt \u0026amp; Whitney PW1100G for A320 NEO)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003EThanks for reading.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/p\/blog-page.html\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: orange; font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cb\u003EGet High-resolution Airbus A380 wallpaper for free\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/7818661720831656935"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/7818661720831656935"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2017\/01\/how-are-airbus-planes-named.html","title":"How are Airbus planes named?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-3lZcgHk8LFc\/WGwDrUy5t6I\/AAAAAAAABAE\/2_w8F2-zs5s2Ue1OCGswaQeMbCv2nsfGACLcB\/s72-c\/Airbus%2BA380%2BAircraft%2BNerds%2B%25284%2529.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-7869617817824624746"},"published":{"$t":"2016-12-29T09:49:00.002-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-01-24T02:16:13.183-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Aircraft without wings"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviationnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"M2-F1"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"NASA"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Wingless"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Wingless aircraft"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Aircraft without wings! (NASA M2-F1)"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nWingless Aircraft NASA M2-F1\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-Ft0LlDr-Il4\/WGVKubJNezI\/AAAAAAAAAwc\/iH2Hj5BSYyENjo4obN1wVh5BXPk9rY1swCLcB\/s1600\/NASA_M2-F1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"474\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-Ft0LlDr-Il4\/WGVKubJNezI\/AAAAAAAAAwc\/iH2Hj5BSYyENjo4obN1wVh5BXPk9rY1swCLcB\/s640\/NASA_M2-F1.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThe wing is most important part of the aircraft. From my post,\u0026nbsp;\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/2016\/06\/how-aeroplane-flies.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow Aircraft Fly\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E, we know that Wing gives a\u0026nbsp;lift to the Aircraft. To know about how Aircraft wing produces a\u0026nbsp;lift, \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/2016\/08\/misconceptions-about-lift-theory.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elook at my this post\u003C\/a\u003E. \u003C\/b\u003EBut in 1963 NASA developed an aircraft which had no wings. The Aircraft was\u0026nbsp;NASA M2-F1. \u0026nbsp;Here M stands for Manned \u0026amp; F stands for flight. (So Manned 2 Flight 1).\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nM2-F1 was developed by\u0026nbsp;NASA engineers at the Ames Research Center. It was developed as an alternative to a capsule spacecraft. So it can re-enter in earth's atmosphere.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-tJFb1QTZa2c\/WGVK6ngfOeI\/AAAAAAAAAwg\/C5g0p0mBlqsZxB9kMImuc4Q-e92gVJvgwCLcB\/s1600\/M2-F1_In_Tow_Flight_-_GPN-2000-000139.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-tJFb1QTZa2c\/WGVK6ngfOeI\/AAAAAAAAAwg\/C5g0p0mBlqsZxB9kMImuc4Q-e92gVJvgwCLcB\/s640\/M2-F1_In_Tow_Flight_-_GPN-2000-000139.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThe M2-F1 was made of wood, had an internal framework of steel tubes, looked like a bathtub sitting on a tricycle. M2-F2 didn't use wings to produce lift. Aircraft was designed in such way that it used air flowing over its body to produce lift. This design allowed it to re-enter in earth's atmosphere and land on a runway like a conventional airplane.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThe wingless, M2-F1 aircraft design was initially conceived as a means of landing a spacecraft horizontally after atmospheric reentry. The absence of wings would make the extreme heat of reentry less damaging to the vehicle. M2-F1 took its first flight on\u0026nbsp;16 August 1963. But this design\u0026nbsp;was rejected \u0026amp; retired on\u0026nbsp;16 August 1966.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EGeneral characteristics \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003E(From Wikipedia)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nCrew: one\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nLength: 20 ft (6.1 m)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nWingspan: 14 ft 2 in (4.32 m)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nHeight: 9 ft 6 in (2.89 m)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nWing area: 139 ft² (12.9 m²)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nEmpty weight: 1,000 lb (454 kg)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nLoaded weight: 1,182 lb (536 kg)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nMax. takeoff weight: 1,250 lb (567 kg)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nPowerplant: 1 × Solid fuel rocket, 250 lbf (~1.1 kN)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EPerformance\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003E(From Wikipedia)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nMaximum speed: 150 mph (240 km\/h)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nRange: 10 mi (16 km)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nWing loading: 9 lb\/ft² (44 kg\/m²)\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor more posts visit\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/\"\u003Ewww.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLike us on facebook\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\"\u003Ewww.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nMail us your queries \u0026amp; doubts on\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"mailto:aircraftnerds@gmail.com\"\u003Eaircraftnerds@gmail.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/7869617817824624746"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/7869617817824624746"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/12\/aircraft-without-wings-nasa-m2-f1.html","title":"Aircraft without wings! (NASA M2-F1)"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-Ft0LlDr-Il4\/WGVKubJNezI\/AAAAAAAAAwc\/iH2Hj5BSYyENjo4obN1wVh5BXPk9rY1swCLcB\/s72-c\/NASA_M2-F1.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-3449704436441371189"},"published":{"$t":"2016-12-27T07:54:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2016-12-28T00:21:38.375-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Accident"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Aviation News"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviationnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Black Sea"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Crash"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Moscow"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"News"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Russian"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Russian Plane Tupolev Tu-154 Crashed"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Tupolev Tu 154"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Russian Plane Tupolev Tu-154 Crashed in Black Sea!"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nTupolev Tu-154 Crash\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-1TrwUIQ893Q\/WGKLEZ81yKI\/AAAAAAAAAuY\/AgWrnzsyTaErRjoHxGaP2lFcj_8wcIoxgCLcB\/s1600\/Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-154M_RA-85735_Misko.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"425\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-1TrwUIQ893Q\/WGKLEZ81yKI\/AAAAAAAAAuY\/AgWrnzsyTaErRjoHxGaP2lFcj_8wcIoxgCLcB\/s640\/Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-154M_RA-85735_Misko.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage From: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nA Russian military plane Tupolev Tu-154\u0026nbsp;has crashed in the Black Sea near Sochi. There are apparently no survivors, according to the Russian Defense Ministry. A Tupolev Tu-154 plane was carrying 92 people, including 84 passengers and 8 crew members. Tu 154 was an old model, no longer flown by airlines in Russia but still used by the military. It was 33 years old.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThe plane took off from Moscow and was headed to the Russian Hmeymim airbase in Latakia, Syria.\u0026nbsp;Coming from Moscow, the plane had landed in Sochi for refueling.\u0026nbsp;It disappeared from radar 2 minutes after taking off from Adler airport, Sochi at 05:25 AM (Local Time) on Sunday.\u0026nbsp;The flight data recorder has been recovered and brought to Moscow. Flight Data recorder was found by a Seaeye Falcon underwater remotely operated vehicle at a depth of 17m \u0026amp; 1,600m from the shore. The recorder was in a satisfactory condition. Investigators are searching for second black box \u0026amp; it is believed that it could be recovered shortly. According to BBC news reports, A\u0026nbsp;plane was unable to gain height and for some reason - possibly overloading or a technical fault. According to the\u0026nbsp;reports,\u0026nbsp;the plane had made a U-turn back towards the coastline shortly after take-off, before disappearing off the radar.\u0026nbsp;But in an\u0026nbsp;audio recording of a\u0026nbsp;final conversation between air traffic controllers and the plane, there was no sign of any difficulties. Voices were normal until plane disappear.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThe cause of the disaster is still being investigated but there is no suggestion of a terror attack.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nInformation Courtesy: - BBC News, CCN News\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor more posts visit\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/\"\u003Ewww.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLike us on facebook\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\"\u003Ewww.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nMail us your queries \u0026amp; doubts on\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"mailto:aircraftnerds@gmail.com\"\u003Eaircraftnerds@gmail.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3449704436441371189"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/3449704436441371189"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/12\/russian-plane-tupolev-tu-154-crashed-in.html","title":"Russian Plane Tupolev Tu-154 Crashed in Black Sea!"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-1TrwUIQ893Q\/WGKLEZ81yKI\/AAAAAAAAAuY\/AgWrnzsyTaErRjoHxGaP2lFcj_8wcIoxgCLcB\/s72-c\/Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-154M_RA-85735_Misko.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-4127084177600922925"},"published":{"$t":"2016-12-26T07:07:00.002-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-01-24T02:17:00.952-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Air traffic controller"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"ATC"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviationnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"slanted"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"tilted"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"windows"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Why Do Air Traffic Control (ATC) Towers Have Slanted Windows?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nAir Traffic Controller slanted windows\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-NOTr4elGB4U\/WGExQvI8iaI\/AAAAAAAAAuA\/qUgJJuzvzRoNi1Gv9hcX6yVkmDyNW-63QCLcB\/s1600\/Singapore_Changi_Airport%252C_Control_Tower_2%252C_Dec_05.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-NOTr4elGB4U\/WGExQvI8iaI\/AAAAAAAAAuA\/qUgJJuzvzRoNi1Gv9hcX6yVkmDyNW-63QCLcB\/s640\/Singapore_Changi_Airport%252C_Control_Tower_2%252C_Dec_05.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nWhile waiting for a\u0026nbsp;flight at the\u0026nbsp;airport you must have seen a\u0026nbsp;tall tower at every airport. That tall tower is called as Air Traffic Controller. Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nEach airport has its own ATC Tower. Even if different airports have different ATC towers you will see one thing common in all which is their slanted windows. Slant angles vary but most of the time slant angle is 15\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;arial\u0026quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.2px;\"\u003E°.\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp; But why are ATC towers windows are slanted?\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nThere are various reasons one of which is, Many people assume that they are designed that way to prevent the sun's reflection or glare from disturbing incoming pilots. But its not valid explanation. Because not all the windows surrounding ATC tower have slanted windows, so if that's the reason then even buildings surrounding ATC tower which are having flat windows can disturb pilot!\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nHere are some of the\u0026nbsp;valid reasons,\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nSlanted windows collect much less\u0026nbsp;rainwater \u0026amp; wind-blown dust that sticks to drops of water as compared to flat windows. So this provides a much better look through windows. So person inside ATC tower can get good vision through such windows.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nwe see reflections in a\u0026nbsp;glass all the time, for example from computer monitors or car windows. But air traffic controllers must not have any distracting reflections as they monitor flights. By slanting windows, any other light from inside the tower such as Computer screens, etc. is reflected up onto the ceiling, which is painted black.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nSo these are some valid reasons for slanted ATC tower windows.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nFor more posts visit\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/\"\u003Ewww.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nLike us on facebook\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\"\u003Ewww.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nMail us your queries \u0026amp; doubts on\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"mailto:aircraftnerds@gmail.com\"\u003Eaircraftnerds@gmail.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/4127084177600922925"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/4127084177600922925"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/12\/why-do-air-traffic-control-atc-towers.html","title":"Why Do Air Traffic Control (ATC) Towers Have Slanted Windows?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-NOTr4elGB4U\/WGExQvI8iaI\/AAAAAAAAAuA\/qUgJJuzvzRoNi1Gv9hcX6yVkmDyNW-63QCLcB\/s72-c\/Singapore_Changi_Airport%252C_Control_Tower_2%252C_Dec_05.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-7488893834079506429"},"published":{"$t":"2016-12-22T10:25:00.001-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-05-08T07:07:17.826-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviationnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"international flight"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"world's shortest"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"shortest International Flight in the world"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nThe World's shortest International Flight!\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/www.2.bp.blogspot.com\/-l5BE4C1CSBQ\/WFwirUl8oRI\/AAAAAAAAAtQ\/pXhmoHjhFvcRquAJZn3_VYdd6w9dRvKcwCLcB\/s1600\/Peoples_Viennaline_ERJ-170_OE-LMK_LSZR_02.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-l5BE4C1CSBQ\/WFwirUl8oRI\/AAAAAAAAAtQ\/pXhmoHjhFvcRquAJZn3_VYdd6w9dRvKcwCLcB\/s640\/Peoples_Viennaline_ERJ-170_OE-LMK_LSZR_02.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from:- wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nIn my \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/aircraftnerds.blogspot.in\/2016\/12\/worlds-shortest-flight.html\"\u003EPrevious post, I mentioned about world's shortest flight\u003C\/a\u003E. It is shortest domestic flight. This flight is between two islands in Scotland. But today I am going to tell you guys about world's shortest international flight.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nAustrian Airline People's Viennaline provides world's shortest international flight. This flight is just eight minutes long. Just think about it, you will be in the another country just after flight of 8 minutes. This flight connects St. Gallen-Altenrhein in Switzerland to Friedrichshafen in Germany. Vienna Airline operates Embraer E170 for this shortest flight. The flight distance is just 20 km. Passengers can book this shortest journey between the two countries for around 40 euros.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n(Route between two airports if traveling\u0026nbsp;by car)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-hYDzmNbyC4g\/WFwZJp8j3PI\/AAAAAAAAAsg\/kuKFmGpKNUAWy_NS0zQk-WdnFUxMnE36ACLcB\/s1600\/Capture.PNG\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-hYDzmNbyC4g\/WFwZJp8j3PI\/AAAAAAAAAsg\/kuKFmGpKNUAWy_NS0zQk-WdnFUxMnE36ACLcB\/s320\/Capture.PNG\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003ECourtesy: - Google maps\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nSo, you can travel from Switzerland to Germany either by this flight in 8 minutes or by taking a train\u0026nbsp;ride for two hours. If going by car it takes an hour to travel this distance of 63 km between two airports.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n(Route between two Airports if travelling via train)\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-VAIGeRtFDw0\/WFwZijpHGVI\/AAAAAAAAAsk\/4fJzyRbaHFYLJ0gtUfIy8yuQqVW6RoS4wCLcB\/s1600\/Capture1.PNG\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"222\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-VAIGeRtFDw0\/WFwZijpHGVI\/AAAAAAAAAsk\/4fJzyRbaHFYLJ0gtUfIy8yuQqVW6RoS4wCLcB\/s320\/Capture1.PNG\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003ECourtesy: - Google maps\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nPreviously, the world’s shortest international flight was a ten-minute journey between the Austrian capital Vienna and the Slovakian capital Bratislava.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nFor more posts visit\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/\"\u003Ewww.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nLike us on facebook\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\"\u003Ewww.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nMail us your queries \u0026amp; doubts on\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"mailto:aircraftnerds@gmail.com\"\u003Eaircraftnerds@gmail.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/7488893834079506429"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/7488893834079506429"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/12\/worlds-shortest-international-flight.html","title":"shortest International Flight in the world"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-l5BE4C1CSBQ\/WFwirUl8oRI\/AAAAAAAAAtQ\/pXhmoHjhFvcRquAJZn3_VYdd6w9dRvKcwCLcB\/s72-c\/Peoples_Viennaline_ERJ-170_OE-LMK_LSZR_02.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-8378427707465425387"},"published":{"$t":"2016-12-22T08:47:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-05-08T07:06:40.500-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviationnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"loganair"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"papa westray"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"scotland"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"world's shortest flight"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Shortest flight in the world"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nWorld's Shortest flight\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-TxYLnef5jqs\/WFwbUorZUnI\/AAAAAAAAAs4\/HfIhJrQ0Y-EF0ZEv1FH1Ll0NvKy9nKONwCLcB\/s1600\/Capture3.PNG\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-TxYLnef5jqs\/WFwbUorZUnI\/AAAAAAAAAs4\/HfIhJrQ0Y-EF0ZEv1FH1Ll0NvKy9nKONwCLcB\/s640\/Capture3.PNG\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003ECourtesy: - Google Maps\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThe world’s shortest commercial flight is between the two Orkney Islands, Westray and Papa Westray. These islands are just at north of Scotland. These two islands are separated by a distance of only 1.7 miles. This shortest flight is operated by Loganair Scotland's Airline.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLoganair operates this flight with one of its two Pilatus Britten-Norman BN2B-26 Islander aircraft.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-H97FBgvhUN8\/WFwCrhq5HDI\/AAAAAAAAArY\/emylv5wE8MEETpM03yDbgWQgykAmUzg7gCLcB\/s1600\/Islander_at_Papa_Westray_-_cropped.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-H97FBgvhUN8\/WFwCrhq5HDI\/AAAAAAAAArY\/emylv5wE8MEETpM03yDbgWQgykAmUzg7gCLcB\/s640\/Islander_at_Papa_Westray_-_cropped.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003ECourtesy:- Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003EThe flight duration is officially two minutes, but under ideal \u003C\/span\u003Ewind\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E condition can be completed in only 47 seconds.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003EPilot Stuart Linklater flew the short hop a record more than 12,000 times, more than any other pilot, before he retired in 2013. Linklater set the record for the fastest flight between the islands at 53 seconds\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-oy1tImzkbiI\/WFwGjjUO2lI\/AAAAAAAAAr8\/Ga8auv4G1_wtg_L5-uafyHUn0tnAVVk5ACPcB\/s1600\/PicsArt_12-22-10.28.51.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-oy1tImzkbiI\/WFwGjjUO2lI\/AAAAAAAAAr8\/Ga8auv4G1_wtg_L5-uafyHUn0tnAVVk5ACPcB\/s640\/PicsArt_12-22-10.28.51.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003ECourtesy: - Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nTickets are priced at about $30 per passenger with no in-flight service.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nIt’s used by teachers, doctors, policemen and school pupils, helping them to go about their daily routines with ease and simplicity.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor more posts visit\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/\"\u003Ewww.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLike us on facebook\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\"\u003Ewww.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nMail us your queries \u0026amp; doubts on\u003Cbr \/\u003E\naircraftnerds@gmail.com\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/8378427707465425387"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/8378427707465425387"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/12\/worlds-shortest-flight.html","title":"Shortest flight in the world"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-TxYLnef5jqs\/WFwbUorZUnI\/AAAAAAAAAs4\/HfIhJrQ0Y-EF0ZEv1FH1Ll0NvKy9nKONwCLcB\/s72-c\/Capture3.PNG","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-6372113984118138070"},"published":{"$t":"2016-12-18T01:29:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-08-18T23:38:53.368-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aloha airline"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"boeing"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"british airways"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"door"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"pressure"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"What if aircraft door opened in mid flight?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nWhat if aircraft door opened in mid flight?\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-WZM4a8s2RjE\/WFqiBSBgw7I\/AAAAAAAAAq0\/-2YG-IlvoEszXlMvbUw1xOS6OeEivqVQACLcB\/s1600\/Dassault_Falcon_7X_exterior_door.JPG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-WZM4a8s2RjE\/WFqiBSBgw7I\/AAAAAAAAAq0\/-2YG-IlvoEszXlMvbUw1xOS6OeEivqVQACLcB\/s640\/Dassault_Falcon_7X_exterior_door.JPG\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003Efrom\u003C\/span\u003E:-\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003E Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nJust think about it? what if aircraft door opened in mid flight?\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFirst of all it is not Possible!\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nAs we know air pressure decreases as we go higher. Air pressure inside aircraft cabin is maintained so that passengers won't face any kind of problems due to low pressure. There is a huge pressure difference inside and outside of the cabin. Aircraft doors are fixed from the inside. Air inside aircraft cabin applies internal pressure force on the door. And that's really a very massive force. And its not possible to open aircraft door.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nNow consider hypothetical situation, some miracle happened \u0026amp; aircraft door opened in mid flight.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nDue to high air pressure difference between aircraft cabin \u0026amp; atmosphere, everything near Aircraft door will suck out until pressure inside cabin becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-9n4hJfULDi4\/WFZYOcFVITI\/AAAAAAAAAqA\/gnRG0cVKYaoQ0ha0S4cYXfNkEgj_OcRIgCLcB\/s1600\/Aloha_Airlines_B737-700_%2528231554451%2529.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-9n4hJfULDi4\/WFZYOcFVITI\/AAAAAAAAAqA\/gnRG0cVKYaoQ0ha0S4cYXfNkEgj_OcRIgCLcB\/s640\/Aloha_Airlines_B737-700_%2528231554451%2529.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from:- Wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nSomething like this happened in 1988, an Aloha Airlines flight Boeing 737 with 90 people on board was on route to Honolulu, cruising at an altitude of 24,000 feet, when a small section of the roof ruptured. Rapid decompression caused large section of roof tore off \u0026amp; flight attendant Clarabelle Lansing was sucked out of it. But all passengers were safe.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n10 June 1990 British Airways Flight 5390,\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nPilot Tim Lancaster was sucked out of aircraft as windshield of the aircraft broke. Check out the video for full story.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ciframe allowfullscreen=\"\" class=\"YOUTUBE-iframe-video\" data-thumbnail-src=\"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/65egSNqeTZQ\/0.jpg\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/65egSNqeTZQ?feature=player_embedded\" width=\"320\"\u003E\u003C\/iframe\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nAlso if aircraft door opened in mid flight temperature inside aircraft cabin will drop at massive rate. Amount of oxygen in aircraft cabin will drop.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nBut don't worry as I said earlier it is not possible that aircraft door will open in mid flight!\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThanks for reading!\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003ECheck out\u003C\/b\u003E: - \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2017\/08\/why-are-there-ashtrays-installed-on-aircraft.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewhy are there ashtrays installed on the aircraft even when smoking is not allowed?\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/6372113984118138070"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/6372113984118138070"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/12\/what-if-aircraft-door-opened-in-mid.html","title":"What if aircraft door opened in mid flight?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-WZM4a8s2RjE\/WFqiBSBgw7I\/AAAAAAAAAq0\/-2YG-IlvoEszXlMvbUw1xOS6OeEivqVQACLcB\/s72-c\/Dassault_Falcon_7X_exterior_door.JPG","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-5400313876210470390"},"published":{"$t":"2016-12-14T04:43:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-08-25T13:41:14.947-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Lightning"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"thunder bolt"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"What happens when Lightning strikes on aircraft"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"What happens when Lightning strikes an aircraft?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nLightning strike on Aircraft\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-zHeYBJdipNM\/WJCdp5bgHUI\/AAAAAAAABMY\/Q0b63k6GLz4M1PuHk3jVBZTg8qEVYSPCgCLcB\/s1600\/lightning%2Bstrike%2Bon%2Baircraft%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Aircraft lightning strike\" border=\"0\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-zHeYBJdipNM\/WJCdp5bgHUI\/AAAAAAAABMY\/Q0b63k6GLz4M1PuHk3jVBZTg8qEVYSPCgCLcB\/s640\/lightning%2Bstrike%2Bon%2Baircraft%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" title=\"Aircraft lightning strike\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EAircraft Lighting strike: - Wikimedia\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\nImagine you are in flight. And suddenly weather turns stormy. A lightning bolt struck on your aircraft. What will happen? Will you aircraft blast and crash?\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cstyle\u003E.embed-container { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }\u003C\/style\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"embed-container\"\u003E\n\u003Ciframe allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/v-3nXl_ukCQ\"\u003E\u003C\/iframe\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nLightning is just electric current with a massive amount of energy. Lightning can be 5 times hotter than the surface of the sun. Lightning contains 5 billion joules of energy. And such massive energy containing bolt of lightning struck on your aircraft. But no need to fear. Today's aircraft can survive a lightning strike. Every aircraft experiences lightning strike at least once a year. Things which you will experience is just bright light and loud noise.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-n2hZ5xxubIQ\/WJCgM2XSTDI\/AAAAAAAABMs\/A06pOHxuBXwInISL_gkjw6q3djKTAXuNACLcB\/s1600\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BPan%2BAm%2Bflight%2B214.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Pan Am flight 214 Boeing 707\" border=\"0\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-n2hZ5xxubIQ\/WJCgM2XSTDI\/AAAAAAAABMs\/A06pOHxuBXwInISL_gkjw6q3djKTAXuNACLcB\/s640\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BPan%2BAm%2Bflight%2B214.jpg\" title=\"Pan Am flight 214 Boeing 707\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EPan Am flight 214 - Wikimedia\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nBut on 8th December 1963, Lightning struck on Pan Am flight 214(Shown in the picture above). And this flight with 81 on board crashed near Elkton, Maryland. This crash killed all 81. Actually what happened was lightning stricken on the fuel tank of the aircraft, causing burning of the fuel and wing broken. Aircraft lost its control. So after that incident aircraft, fuel tanks are protected by thick layer so lightning cannot damage it.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E(Pan Am flight 214 Crash)\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-x_8AcG7GUaM\/WJCgmC53LeI\/AAAAAAAABMw\/9kkAwumuKK4-C4VJSZJcC_vPZIS4J8QcACLcB\/s1600\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BPan%2BAm%2B214%2Bcrash.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Pan Am flight 214 Boeing 707 crash\" border=\"0\" height=\"322\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-x_8AcG7GUaM\/WJCgmC53LeI\/AAAAAAAABMw\/9kkAwumuKK4-C4VJSZJcC_vPZIS4J8QcACLcB\/s640\/Aircraft%2BNerds%2BPan%2BAm%2B214%2Bcrash.jpg\" title=\"Pan Am flight 214 Boeing 707\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EPan Am flight 214 crash - Wikimedia\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003EThere are many modifications in today's aircraft. Today aircraft are manufactured in such a way that they can survive a lightning strike. Do you know even Aircraft itself produces lightning when it travels through clouds?\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nStatic electrical buildup due\u0026nbsp;to the friction between air and surface of the aircraft. The air friction separate electrons from atoms. It is same as rubbing balloon produces a static charge. Hence, the static wicks are used which provides pointed structure where air flow leaves aircraft surface. And additional charge flows away from the aircraft into the air.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-TjQf7qAVVPo\/WaCI6iv7kWI\/AAAAAAAABmQ\/qk1kJBGL4cQUS62Y_ig2J79ZjtAPzXXZACLcBGAs\/s1600\/Aircraft%2BStatic%2Bwicks%2B-%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Aircraft static wicks\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1104\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"440\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-TjQf7qAVVPo\/WaCI6iv7kWI\/AAAAAAAABmQ\/qk1kJBGL4cQUS62Y_ig2J79ZjtAPzXXZACLcBGAs\/s640\/Aircraft%2BStatic%2Bwicks%2B-%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" title=\"Aircraft static wicks\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EAircraft Static wicks - Wikimedia\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\nAircraft are mostly made up of Aluminum \u0026amp; its alloy. Aluminum \u0026amp; its alloys are a good conductor of electricity. Lightning usually strikes on the extremity of aircraft such as nose \u0026amp; wing tips. \u0026nbsp;So when Lightning strikes on aircraft it travels through conducting a body of aircraft. And continues to air.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nModern aircraft are made up of non-conducting material Carbon Fibre. So when Lightning strikes on such material this material resist current from flowing through it. And such massive electrical energy of lightning gets converted into heat energy \u0026amp; material burns. Hence such material is embedded with conducting material such as Aluminum. So when Lightning strikes, it flows through this material \u0026amp; protects aircraft from burning. This principle is same as that of Faraday's cage.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nTo protect aircraft electrical circuits from lightning, Aircraft circuits are grounded. Also, surge suppression device is used for protection.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nSo don't worry about a lightning strike on Aircraft while traveling in stormy weather.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nCheck out: - \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2017\/01\/how-are-airbus-planes-named.html?m=1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow are Airbus planes named?\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nSource: - \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.boeing.com\/commercial\/aeromagazine\/articles\/2012_q4\/4\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBoeing\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/5400313876210470390"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/5400313876210470390"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/12\/what-happens-when-lightning-strikes-on.html","title":"What happens when Lightning strikes an aircraft?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-zHeYBJdipNM\/WJCdp5bgHUI\/AAAAAAAABMY\/Q0b63k6GLz4M1PuHk3jVBZTg8qEVYSPCgCLcB\/s72-c\/lightning%2Bstrike%2Bon%2Baircraft%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-775399501660397397"},"published":{"$t":"2016-12-13T06:19:00.002-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-03-22T10:46:22.374-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation nerd"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"b2 spirit"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"bomber"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"most expensive"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"radar"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"stealth"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"technology"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"How does stealth technology work? (Stealth Technology behind B2 Spirit)"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nStealth technology\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-Hx-9hILxdh8\/WFABqjoWfbI\/AAAAAAAAAo8\/dcWr0DgxhRUrl7IhOv3mnZh1C0bTTmVYgCLcB\/s1600\/US_Air_Force_B-2_Spirit.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-Hx-9hILxdh8\/WFABqjoWfbI\/AAAAAAAAAo8\/dcWr0DgxhRUrl7IhOv3mnZh1C0bTTmVYgCLcB\/s640\/US_Air_Force_B-2_Spirit.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EImage from: - Wikimedia\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nRADARs are used to detect aircraft. But there are some aircraft which are designed in such a way that they get ignored by RADAR. Those aircraft are known as stealth aircraft. Those aircraft are not actually invisible but they are somewhat ignored by RADAR.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cstyle\u003E.embed-container { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }\u003C\/style\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"embed-container\"\u003E\n\u003Ciframe allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YL579dJ4oMk\"\u003E\u003C\/iframe\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch4 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\nBut how stealth aircraft get ignored by RADAR?\u003C\/h4\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/aircraftnerds.blogspot.in\/2016\/12\/how-radars-are-used-to-detect-aircraft.html?m=1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIn my previous post, I told about how RADAR works?\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nRADAR uses reflection \u0026amp; Doppler effect (Doppler shift) property of Radio waves to detect aircraft. Radio waves after reflection from aircraft go back to the RADAR receiver. If we modified our aircraft in such a way that after reflection, Radio waves won't reach back to Radio receiver of RADAR Then our aircraft will remain undetected.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nStealth aircraft do something like this only to remain undetected!\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLet's talk about world's most expensive stealth bomber aircraft B2 Spirit \u0026amp; stealth technology behind it.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nB2 spirit is most expensive stealth aircraft in the world. The production cost of 1 unit of B2 spirit including its designing, engineering, etc. is $2.1 billion.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/B0002HYZ6G\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8\u0026amp;tag=aircraftnerds-20\u0026amp;camp=1789\u0026amp;creative=9325\u0026amp;linkCode=as2\u0026amp;creativeASIN=B0002HYZ6G\u0026amp;linkId=e9a178b3975f0fbe6665ca546abfc7c3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECheck out Cool B2 Spirit model kit on Amazon!\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/B0002HYZ6G\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8\u0026amp;tag=aircraftnerds-20\u0026amp;camp=1789\u0026amp;creative=9325\u0026amp;linkCode=as2\u0026amp;creativeASIN=B0002HYZ6G\u0026amp;linkId=e9a178b3975f0fbe6665ca546abfc7c3\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"201\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-oj0jk_1pj_c\/WNK3AQpUgFI\/AAAAAAAABZI\/-QsXvcHD1yMTtcRtJPZZZyCvrE0olZ-DgCLcB\/s320\/B2%2BSpirit%2B-%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/B0002HYZ6G\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8\u0026amp;tag=aircraftnerds-20\u0026amp;camp=1789\u0026amp;creative=9325\u0026amp;linkCode=as2\u0026amp;creativeASIN=B0002HYZ6G\u0026amp;linkId=e9a178b3975f0fbe6665ca546abfc7c3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EB2 Spirit Model kit\u0026nbsp;- Amazon\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EStealth technology behind B2 Spirit\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-MnVWzv1qPT8\/WNK2wh53qfI\/AAAAAAAABZE\/ooWG5hxpeZwvjHhgJWt9YEVTT2j_azYFQCLcB\/s1600\/B2%2BSpirit%2Btop%2Bview%2B-%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-MnVWzv1qPT8\/WNK2wh53qfI\/AAAAAAAABZE\/ooWG5hxpeZwvjHhgJWt9YEVTT2j_azYFQCLcB\/s640\/B2%2BSpirit%2Btop%2Bview%2B-%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EB2 Spirit - Wikimedia\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\nAll the parts of B2 spirit are blended. So that this aircraft reflects the very little amount of Radio waves.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor maneuverability, this aircraft has two pair ailerons. One for normal flying \u0026amp; other for stealth flying. So that in a case of stealth flying reflection due to ailerons will be less.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nWings of the B2 Spirit are designed in such a way that whatever Radio waves aircraft will reflect back they will go away from Radio receiver of RADAR. Wings are angled backward.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThe surface of B2 Spirit was coated with an alternate high-frequency material (AHFM). This material absorbs some amount of radio waves striking on aircraft.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nThe combination of these all features B2 spirit is low observable. B2 spirit is not 100% ignored by RADAR. But a number of Radio waves reflection is very low. Hence less observable.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/B0002HYZ6G\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8\u0026amp;tag=aircraftnerds-20\u0026amp;camp=1789\u0026amp;creative=9325\u0026amp;linkCode=as2\u0026amp;creativeASIN=B0002HYZ6G\u0026amp;linkId=e9a178b3975f0fbe6665ca546abfc7c3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECheck out Cool B2 Spirit model kit on Amazon!\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/B0002HYZ6G\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8\u0026amp;tag=aircraftnerds-20\u0026amp;camp=1789\u0026amp;creative=9325\u0026amp;linkCode=as2\u0026amp;creativeASIN=B0002HYZ6G\u0026amp;linkId=e9a178b3975f0fbe6665ca546abfc7c3\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"202\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-oj0jk_1pj_c\/WNK3AQpUgFI\/AAAAAAAABZI\/Ts93Rx31GhsmFfxCAkaExyecsrbqZGSsQCEw\/s320\/B2%2BSpirit%2B-%2BAircraft%2BNerds.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/B0002HYZ6G\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8\u0026amp;tag=aircraftnerds-20\u0026amp;camp=1789\u0026amp;creative=9325\u0026amp;linkCode=as2\u0026amp;creativeASIN=B0002HYZ6G\u0026amp;linkId=e9a178b3975f0fbe6665ca546abfc7c3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EB2 Spirit Model Kit - Amazon\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor more posts visit\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/\"\u003Ewww.aircraftnerds.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLike us on facebook\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\"\u003Ewww.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nMail us your queries \u0026amp; doubts on\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"mailto:aircraftnerds@gmail.com\"\u003Eaircraftnerds@gmail.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/775399501660397397"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/775399501660397397"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/12\/stealth-technology-image-from-wikimedia.html","title":"How does stealth technology work? (Stealth Technology behind B2 Spirit)"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-Hx-9hILxdh8\/WFABqjoWfbI\/AAAAAAAAAo8\/dcWr0DgxhRUrl7IhOv3mnZh1C0bTTmVYgCLcB\/s72-c\/US_Air_Force_B-2_Spirit.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9220326838666814.post-6067285558539328250"},"published":{"$t":"2016-12-13T03:20:00.001-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-01-24T02:20:56.048-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraft"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aircraftnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviation"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"aviationnerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"doppler"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nerds"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"radar"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"reflection"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"stealth"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"How RADARs are used to detect an aircraft?"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\nHow RADARs work?\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-54kPJLOHzgQ\/WE_YS1zAYfI\/AAAAAAAAAok\/CBgeaouwVYY76SpqyfTJsW44IXVKz3lbwCLcB\/s1600\/Radar-hatzerim-1-1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-54kPJLOHzgQ\/WE_YS1zAYfI\/AAAAAAAAAok\/CBgeaouwVYY76SpqyfTJsW44IXVKz3lbwCLcB\/s640\/Radar-hatzerim-1-1.jpg\" width=\"588\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003EImage from:- wikimedia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\nRADARs are used to track an aircraft. RADAR stands for RAdio Detection And Ranging. Radio waves are used in RADAR for detection purpose. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves. Mainly two properties of radio waves are used for detection purpose. One is reflection property and other is doppler effect.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLet's discuss about these two properties of Radio waves!\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ciframe allowfullscreen=\"\" class=\"YOUTUBE-iframe-video\" data-thumbnail-src=\"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/YL579dJ4oMk\/0.jpg\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YL579dJ4oMk?feature=player_embedded\" width=\"320\"\u003E\u003C\/iframe\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EReflection\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nRadio waves reflect back when they come in contact with any obstacle. It is same as reflection of sound waves. Echo is the best example for reflection of sound waves. Sound waves produced by sound source will reflect back when they collapse on obstacle kept in front of them. In this case we will hear an echo. Sound waves \u0026amp; Radio waves are completely different wave forms. But property of reflection is same in both the cases. Of course you cannot hear Radio waves. Then how can we find that radio waves are reflected back?\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nTransmitter of RADAR will transmit Radio waves. And receiver of RADAR will detect the reflected Radio waves.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nIn such a way Aircraft can be detected by using reflection property of Radio wave. Radio waves will reflect back from aircraft. Reflected waves are detected by Radio receiver. According to amount of radio waves received \u0026amp; time taken for reflection even type of aircraft can be detected.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nNow we have detected that aircraft is flying! What about its speed? How can we obtain its speed?\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor that second property of Radio waves i.e. Doppler effect(doppler shift) is used.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003EDoppler Effect\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nSpeed of aircraft can be obtained by this property of radio waves. When radio waves collapse on fixed obstacle (obstacle which is not moving) radio waves will simply reflect back without any change. But when radio waves collapse on moving object, the frequency of radio waves will change according to motion of an object. If object is moving towards the RADAR, Frequency of Radio waves reflected back will increase. On the other hand if object is moving away from RADAR frequency of \u0026nbsp;Radio waves reflected back will reduce.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nSo based on change in frequency of radio waves computer automatically detects the speed of an Aircraft.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nIn such a way using two properties of Radio wave Aircraft can be detected.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nFor more posts visit\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\/\"\u003Ewww.Aircraftnerds.blogspot.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nLike us on facebook\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\"\u003Ewww.facebook.com\/aircraftnerdsblog\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nMail us your queries \u0026amp; doubts on\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"mailto:aircraftnerds@gmail.com\"\u003Eaircraftnerds@gmail.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/6067285558539328250"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/9220326838666814\/posts\/default\/6067285558539328250"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftnerds.com\/2016\/12\/how-radars-are-used-to-detect-aircraft.html","title":"How RADARs are used to detect an aircraft?"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Aircraft Nerds"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/02385823561064360467"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-54kPJLOHzgQ\/WE_YS1zAYfI\/AAAAAAAAAok\/CBgeaouwVYY76SpqyfTJsW44IXVKz3lbwCLcB\/s72-c\/Radar-hatzerim-1-1.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}}]}});